Martha Stout - The Paranoia Switch: How Terror Rewires Our Brains and Reshapes Our Behavior--And How We Can Reclaim Our Courage

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Table of Contents

Without my trusted friend and literary agent, Susan Lee Cohen, this book would not be. I think I may never figure out which amazes me more about Susan, her rare intellect or her beautiful heart, and I know I will never be able to thank her enough for the difference she has made in my life.

It is my pleasure to thank my editor and publisher, Sarah Crichton, whose loveliness and creativity actually do match the legend. Working with Sarah has been a blessing and a revelation, and if I had three wishes, one would be to know her for a very long time.

I would like to thank all at Farrar, Straus and Giroux whohave helped to make this book. The people at FSG shine with a special light, I have decided. I am grateful in particular to Rose Lichter-Marck, my calm and organized rescuer on more than one occasion.

I dedicate this book to Amanda Kielley, and I want to thank her again here. As a writer, I am grateful for the invaluable ideas she has shared with me. As a human being, I am grateful to the universe for sharing with me a daughter of such beauty, wisdom, and integrity.

As always, I am grateful to my extraordinary and courageous parents, Eva Deaton Stout and Adrian Phillip Stout, and to my treasured brother and lifelong hero, Steve Stout. Also, I would like to take this opportunity to record a joyful welcome to the youngest member of our family, Steves excruciatingly charming new son, Sam Stout.

For their commentary and their support while I was writing, I thank Howard Kielley, Amy Seabrook, Lucretia Seabrook, Diane Wemyss, and Monica Wemyss.

And I would like to acknowledge the generosity and bravery of the trauma patients who, with the aim of helping others, allowed me to use their stories here. They are anonymous in the book, but in my heart, I remember and admire each one.

To all these remarkable people, and to every one of my wonderful readers, a thousand thanks and then a thousand more.

The Sociopath Next Door: The Ruthless Versus the Rest of Us
The Myth of Sanity: Divided Consciousness and the Promise of Awareness

Chapter One: Homesick World

9 a Pew Research Center survey found . As reported in A. Kaplan, Anticipated Mental Health Consequences of the Sept. 11 Attacks: What Can We Do Now? Psychiatric Times 18 (2001), no. 11.

9 And research on national samples. S. Galea, J. Ahern, H. Resnick, D. Kilpatrick, M. Bucuvalas, J. Gold, and D. Vlahov, Psychological Sequelae of the September 11 Terrorist Attacks in New York City, New England Journal of Medicine, Special Report, 346 (2002), 982-87.

9 Two months later , a Los Angeles Times poll . As reported in S. Pinkus, Poll Analysis: Psychological Effects of Sept. 11:Americans Are Coming to Grips with the Events of Sept. 11 and Their Aftermath, Los Angeles Times, December 21, 2001.

10 Study findings presented at the 2002 Scientific Sessions of the American Heart Association. As reported in L. Altman, Dangerous Heart Rhythms Increased After 9/11, The New York Times, November 21, 2002.

10 Supporting this speculation , most post-9/11 studies. See, for example, W Schlenger, J. Caddell, L. Ebert, B. Jordan, K. Rourke, D. Wilson, L. Thalji, J. Dennis, J. Fairbank, and R. Kulka, Psychological Reactions to Terrorist Attacks: Findings from the National Study of Americans Reactions to September 11, Journal of the American Medical Association 288 (2002), 581-88.

10 the babies of those mothers who had developed post-traumatic stress disorder. R. Yehuda, S. Engel, S. Brand, J. Seckl, S. Marcus, and G. Berkowitz, Transgenerational Effects of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Babies of Mothers Exposed to the World Trade Center Attacks During Pregnancy, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 90 (2005), 4115-18.

11 the grown children of World War II Holocaust survivors. R. Yehuda, L. Bierer, J. Schmeidler, D. Aferiat, I. Breslau, S. Dolan, Low Cortisol and Risk for PTSD in Adult Offspring of Holocaust Survivors, American Journal of Psychiatry 157 (2000), 1252-59.

12 In a letter to the 110th Precinct Community Council. As quoted in M. Efthimiades, Big Drop in Crime for 110th Precinct: Despite Rescue Effort, Police Are Still on the Job, Times Newsweekly, September 27, 2001.

14 To use recognizable examples from the psychiatrist and writer Thomas Lewis. T. Lewis, F. Amini, and R. Lannon, A General Theory of Love (New York: Vintage, 2001), p. 64.

Chapter Two: How Terrorism Works

22 As but one especially fierce illustration. Quoted in J. Glazov, New Glory, Front Page Magazine, September 7, 2005.

27 In a white paper on terrorism, released in 2005. R. Yehuda and S. Hyman, The Impact of Terrorism on Brain and Behavior: What We Know and What We Need to Know, Neuropsychopharmacology 30 (2005), 1773-80.

27 In line with my definition, the Israeli scholar Boaz Ganor. B. Ganor, Terrorism as a Strategy of Psychological Warfare, in Y. Danieli, D. Brom, and J. Sills (eds.), The Trauma of Terrorism: Sharing Knowledge and Shared Care, An International Handbook (Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press, 2005), p. 38. For a detailed account of the many definitions of terrorism, see C. Martin, The Nature of the Beast, Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues, 2nd ed. (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2006).

28 the military analyst Paul R. Pillar. P. Pillar, Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2001), p. 219.

28 In 2004 , applied health scientists at Indiana University. M. Torabi and D. Seo, National Study of Behavioral and Life Changes Since September 11, Health, Education and Behavior 31 (2004), 179-92.

30 the lasting effects of terrorism on the American workforce . J. Kleinberg, On the Job After 9/11: Looking at Workers Block Through a Group Lens, Group Analysis 38 (2005), 203-18.

32 I had read the chastening Washington Post article. M. Rothschild, Terrorism and Youthe Real Odds, The Washington Post , November 25, 2001.

35 researchers contacted a representative sample of adult Londoners. G. Rubin, C. Brewin, N. Greenberg, J. Simpson, and S. Wessely, Psychological and Behavioural Reactions to the Bombingsin London on 7 July 2005: Cross Sectional Survey of a Representative Sample of Londoners, British Medical Journal 331 (2005), 606.

35 For example, the BBC world affairs editor, John Simpson, observed. J. Simpson, London Bombs Need Calm Response, BBC News, August 31, 2005.

36 Israeli society provides another significant illustration of relative equanimity. A. Bleich, M. Gelkopf, and Z. Solomon, Exposure to Terrorism, Stress-Related Mental Health Symptoms, and Coping Behaviors Among a Nationally Representative Sample in Israel, Journal of the American Medical Association 290 (2003), 612-20; P. Roy-Byrne, Effects of Terror and Violence Vary by Culture, Journal Watch Psychiatry , October 8, 2003.

36 The Israeli psychologists. Y. Klar, D. Zakay, and K. Sharvit, If I Dont Get Blown Up : Realism in Face of Terrorism in an Israeli Nationwide Sample, Risk, Decision and Policy 7 (2002), 203-19.

43 neuropsychologists think that a part of the brain, the infralimbic area. For the report of an interesting animal study concerning safety signals and the prefrontal cortex, see M. Milad and G. Quirk, Neurons in Medial Prefrontal Cortex Signal Memory for Fear Extinction, Nature 420 (2002), 70-74.

Chapter Three: The Day They Captured Cat Stevens

45 Gavin de Becker. G. de Becker, The Gift of Fear: Survival Signals That Protect Us from Violence (Boston: Little, Brown, 1997).

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