First printing, 2012
Web of Deceit: Misinformation and Manipulation in the Age of Social Media
Copyright 2012 by Anne P. Mintz
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means including information storage and retrieval systems without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer, who may quote brief passages in a review. Published by CyberAge Books, an imprint of Information Today, Inc., 143 Old Marlton Pike, Medford, New Jersey 08055.
Publishers Note: The editor and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this book but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. Opinions expressed by contributors are their own and do not necessarily represent those of the editor or publisher.
Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book and Information Today, Inc. was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Web of deceit : misinformation and manipulation in the age of social media / edited by Anne P. Mintz.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-910965-91-0
ISBN-10: 0-910965-91-9
1. Internet fraud. 2. Electronic information resource literacy. 3. Computer network resources--Evaluation. 4. Internet searching. I. Mintz, Anne P.
HV6773.W423 2012
364.163--dc23
2011033116
Printed and bound in the United States of America.
President and CEO: Thomas H. Hogan, Sr.
Editor-in-Chief and Publisher: John B. Bryans
VP Graphics and Production: M. Heide Dengler
Managing Editor: Amy M. Reeve
Editorial Assistant: Brandi Scardilli
Copyeditor: Barbara Brynko
Proofreader: Bonnie Freeman
Indexer: Beth Palmer
Book Designer: Kara Mia Jalkowski
Cover Designer: Dana Stevenson
www.infotoday.com
The authors of the chapters that follow deserve kudos for shining a light on the subjects of misinformation and manipulation in the age of social media. These contributors brought insight and creativity to the project, and I am honored that they agreed to take part. I thank them for their willingness to share their understanding about the pitfalls of using the internet as an information source along with their valuable advice on navigating around them.
In order of first appearance, the contributors to Web of Deceit are: Meg Smith, a crackerjack news researcher who reveals how social media can be used to deceive and defraud; Cynthia Hetherington, an expert in online intelligence and public records research who looks at identity theft and privacy issues; Eli Edwards, an attorney and researcher who shows how messages of hatred and intolerance are being spread in the digital age; Ben Fractenberg, a reporter and news producer who reviews a range of online criminal activities and the threats they pose to the unwary; Deborah A. Liptak, whose background in military communications and research informs her views on information warfare and the technologies of deception; Laura Gordon-Murnane, a webmaster and researcher who explores key intersections of news and politics, and how they impact our lives; Craig Thompson, a reporter and researcher who takes a timely look at how charity scams successfully target the philanthropic among us; and Amber Benham, a journalist and educator who presents a primer on the critical evaluation of information sources that is not to be missed.
John B. Bryans, editor-in-chief and publisher of the Book Publishing Division at Information Today, Inc., was immediately supportive of a sequel to Web of Deception (CyberAge Books, 2002). I was eager to work with him a second time. He trusted our collective judgment completely to make it happen as we envisioned it. John is a wise editor who made the text even better, and I thank him for his role in making the book come to life.
Amy Reeve, managing editor, contributed enormous professional expertise that is invisible to the reader but impacted every page of the book. The care she brought to the production process is truly appreciated.
Tom Hogan Sr., president of Information Today, Inc., is a good friend (still), who believes in me (still), and was willing to take yet another risk. He (still) disproves the clich that one should never do business with friends.
To other friends and colleagues: Bill Barrett at Forbes, Joanna Hernandez at the Washington Post, cybersecurity expert Andy Norton, and the Anti-Defamation Leagues Jonathan Vick reviewed sections of the manuscript and provided excellent input. Searcher magazines Barbara Quint helped to conceptualize the book and offered a number of useful suggestions. Their contributions are greatly appreciated. A big thank you to my professional colleagues, from whom I learn something new every day. And thanks to the rest of my friends for their unwavering support. Its been a great trip so far.
Anne P. Mintz
Anne P. Mintz
During the Winter Olympic Games in February 2010, actor Michael C. Hall narrated a television commercial:
Presidents Day commemorates the day George Washington bought his first car. He was 16. And it was a Hemi V8 Dodge Charger. Then he met Martha and her kids and bought himself a seven-seater Dodge Caravan. And it was only when he moved back to Mount Vernon that he got an all-wheel drive V6 Journey.
At least thats what it said on the internet.
Even my 93-year-old mother laughed. She understands the unreliability of information found online.
The internet is a petri dish for the growth and spread of misinformation. While some incorrect information is either innocent or harmless, such as the clever ad for Dodge, that is not the focus of this book. Rather, I hope to shed light on the misinformation spread via the internet that is intentional, harmful, and manipulative in nature.
The Larger Context
Misinformation on the internet is dangerous and part of a much larger picture. Bending the truth or telling outright lies is not new. Its just the messenger who has changed, and this messenger spreads the word lightning fast and to far-flung places. In just the past decade, we have witnessed government leaders and chief executives of major corporations misinform the public in ways that have had enormous consequences, some involving life and death, and others contributing to financial ruin.
In 2002, the U.S. invaded Iraq based on reports that Saddam Husseins government was stockpiling weapons of mass destruction, although scientists and inspectors tasked by the United Nations could not confirm their existence. The then-president of the U.S. addressed the American people and declared that he knew for a fact that these weapons existed. The contrary was later confirmed to be true. As of late 2011, U.S. troops are still in Iraq. Thousands of soldiers have lost their lives, and tens of thousands have suffered loss of limbs and psychological damage from serving in this war. The human cost extends to their families. The financial costs helped escalate a deep recession that began in 2008, costing millions of people their livelihoods and, in many cases, the roofs over their heads.
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