Günes Murat Tezcür (editor) - Kurds and Yezidis in the Middle East: Shifting Identities, Borders, and the Experience of Minority Communities (Kurdish Studies)

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KURDS AND YEZIDIS IN THE MIDDLE EAST

Kurdish Studies Series

Series Editors

Zeynep Kaya, Middle East Centre, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK & Department of Development Studies, School of Oriental and African Studies, UK

Robert Lowe, Middle East Centre, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK

Advisory Board

Sabri Ate, Southern Methodist University, USA

Mehmet Gurses, Florida Atlantic University, USA

Janet Klein, University of Akron, USA

David Romano, Missouri State University, USA

Clemence Scalbert- Ycel, University of Exeter, UK

Gne Murat Tezcr, University of Central Florida, USA

Nicole Watts, San Francisco State University, USA

The Kurds in a Changing Middle East: History, Politics and Representation, edited by Faleh A. Jabar & Renad Mansour

Kurdish Nationalism on Stage: Performance, Politics and Resistance in Iraq, Mari R. Rostami

The Kurds of Northern Syria: Governance, Diversity and Conflicts, Harriet Allsopp & Wladimir van Wilgenburg

The Kurds and the Politics of Turkey: Agency, Territory and Religion, Denz ifi

KURDS AND YEZIDIS IN THE MIDDLE EAST

Shifting Identities, Borders, and the Experience of Minority Communities

Edited by

Gne Murat Tezcr

CONTENTS

Figures

Tables

Majid Hassan Ali (PhD, University of Bamberg) is Associate Member of the Department of Yezidi Studies at the Giorgi Tsereteli Institute of Oriental Studies, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia.

Tutku Ayhan is a PhD candidate of Security Studies at the University of Central Florida, USA.

Mcahit Bilici is Associate Professor of Sociology at John Jay College and CUNY Graduate Center, USA.

Ekrem Karako (PhD, Penn State University) is Associate Professor of Political Science at Binghamton University, USA.

Zeynep Kaya (PhD, London School of Economics) is Senior Teaching Fellow at SOAS, University of London, UK.

Bahadin H. Kerborani is a PhD student at the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations at the University of Chicago, USA.

Ohannes Klda (PhD, Boazii University) was the Nikit and Eleanora Ordjanian Visiting Professor at Columbia University in spring 2020.

Ege zen (PhD, Binghamton University) is Assistant Professor of Political Science at College of Staten Island, CUNY, USA.

Bayar Mustafa Sevdeen (PhD, University of Mosul) is Dean of School of Social Sciences at the University of Kurdistan, Hewlr, Iraq.

Gne Murat Tezcr (PhD, University of Michigan) is Jalal Talabani Chair and Professor at the University of Central Florida, USA.

Arzu Ylmaz (PhD, Ankara University) is a visiting scholar at the University of Hamburg, Germany.

The tragedy of August 2014 put the Yezidi, a community hitherto on the margins of Iraqi society and politics, under international limelight. While the Yezidis have developed a unique historical resiliency due to their experiences as a historically marginalized minority, the audacity and brutality of the assault has pushed the community to the brink of survival. At the same time the visceral visibility of the communitys suffering has diminished Yezidis obscurity and generated global sympathy. In this sense, the Yezidi experience has some resemblances to the Kurdish experience: being victims of mass violence leading to greater international recognition.

In this historical context, this volume aims to offer the first comparative study about the formations and intersubjective perceptions characterizing Kurdish and Yezidi political identities. It aims to facilitate greater dialogue between these Kurdish and Yezidi studies and explore the common and distinctive factors shaping Kurdish and Yezidi politics in both historical and contemporary times. In doing so, it also aims to reach broader audiences who are interested in minority relations, ethnic and religious identities in the Middle East.

The idea for this book emerged at an event organized by Kurdish Political Studies Program (KPSP) at the University of Central Florida (UCF), the first and only academic entity dedicated to the study of Kurdish issues in North America. Dr. Naj Karims vision was central to the founding of the KPSP. In Kurdish Studies, his legacy will live on through the KPSP. Kerstin Hamann has played a pivotal leadership role that has helped KPSP flourish at UCF since 2015. Most of the chapters of this book were initially presented at the conference titled Borders, Identities and Refugees: The Kurdish Experience in the Middle East at UCF on March 1, 2019. Firat Bozcali, Hakan zolu, Haidar Khezri, Tyler Fisher, and Hille Hanso enriched the conference with their presentations. UCF and Global Religion Research Initiative (GRRI) based at the University of Notre Dame provided financial support for the conference and parts of research that inform the analyses in this book.

As typical of her, Doreen Horschig provided meticulous assistance during the preparation of this book for publication. Frat Esmer of Bremen, Germany (originally from Diyarbakir), and Jeen Maltayi of Duhok were marvelous companions and offered valuable support during the fieldwork in Iraqi Kurdistan in May and June 2018. The resourcefulness and kindness of Dr. Gazi Zibari of Shreveport, Louisiana, and the hospitality of Dr. Nizar Ismet, the director of Duhok Health, made the fieldwork a smooth experience. It was a pleasure to work with Sophie Rudland of I.B. Tauris who has been very supportive of the project from the beginning.

Developing an appreciation of the experiences of ordinary people who often find themselves in extraordinary situations has been an indicator of my own scholarly maturity. I am personally grateful to many Yezidis and Kurds who generously shared their often agonizing stories with me and my colleagues.

In order to make the book more accessible, diacritical marks and long vowel markers are mostly avoided. Accordingly, transliterations of Arabic and Kurdish names of locations, people, and entities typically follow the most common English forms throughout the chapters (e.g., Sinjar rather than Shingal, which is used by Yezidis). At the same time, original acronyms of organizations, such as YNK instead of PUK or AKP instead of JDP, are used. The spelling Yezidi is preferred over Yazidi as the former is closer to the self-descriptions of the community in Kurdish, zd.

AKP	(Adalet ve Kalknma PartisiJustice and Development Party), the ruling political party in Turkey since 2002
BBP	(Byk Birlik PartisiGreat Union Party), a minor far-right political party in Turkey
CGI	Central Government of Iraq
CHP	(Cumhuriyet Halk PartisiRepublican Peoples Party), the main opposition political party in Turkey since 2002
ENKS	(Encmena Nitiman ya Kurd li SriyKurdish National Council in Syria), the Syrian Kurdish political party affiliated with KDP in Iraq
HDP	(Halklarn Demokratik PartisiPeoples Democratic Party), the main Kurdish political party in Turkey
HP	(Hza Parastina zdxanYezidi Defense Forces), a Yezidi militia
ICC	International Criminal Court

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