Nigel West - Spies Who Changed History: The Greatest Spies and Agents of the 20th Century

AN IMPRINT OF PEN & SWORD BOOKS LTD

YORKSHIRE PHILADELPHIA

First published in Great Britain in 2022 by

FRONTLINE BOOKS

an imprint of Pen & Sword Books Ltd

Yorkshire Philadelphia

Copyright Nigel West, 2022

ISBN 978-1-39908-632-5

EPUB ISBN 978-1-39908-633-2

MOBI ISBN 978-1-39908-633-2

The right of Nigel West to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

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The author acknowledges his debt of gratitude to all those who have assisted his research, among them the late Bill Williams, Roger Hesketh, David Strangeways, Noel Wild, Juan Pujol (GARBO), Roman Garby-Czerniawski (BRUTUS), Harry Williamson (TATE), Frano de Bona (FREAK), Ib Riis (COBWEB), Dusan Popov (TRICYCLE); Ivo Popov (DREADNOUGHT), Eugn Sostaric (METEOR), John Moe (MUTT), Tor Glad (JEFF), Elvira de la Fuentes (BRONX), Lisel Grtner, Hugh Astor, Len Burt, Christopher and Pam Harmer, Cyril Mills, John Maude, Gerald Glover, Peter Ramsbotham, Tommy and Joan Robertson, Susan Barton, Enriiquetta Harris, Sarah Bishop, Joanna Phipps, Peter Hope, Jim Skardon, Eric Goodacre, John Gwyer, Dick White, Victor and Tess Rothschild, Bill Magan, Russell Lee, Michael Ryde, Anthony Blunt, Rupert Speir and Bill Luke, who shared their wartime Jock Colville, Anthony Montague Browne, and Bill Cavendish-Bentinck, David Kahn, Marco Popov, Francois Grosjean, Ladislas Farago, John Taylor, Jennifer Scherr, Sebastian Cody, Kim and Marton Dearden, Christian Linde, Frederick Solms-Baruth, Katharine Ritter, Otto Weltzien, Jim Lee and Christopher Risso-Gill. Also Len Beurton, Ursula and Robert Kuczynsky and Wolf Kuczynsky. Finally, Charles Byford, for his online research skills.

Many of the documents reproduced in this volume originate from official files and have been redacted during the declassification process. Where it has been possible the redactions have been restored, but where this has not been possible the redaction is indicated thus: [XXXXXXXXXXXXX]. The author has retained the convention of printing codenames in capitals.

In the interests of consistency, some American-month/day style dates have been altered to the European day/month convention.

Austrian Communist Party

Israeli military intelligence service

All-Russia Co-operative Society

US Army Security Agency

B1(a) MI5s section handling double agents

B1(b) MI5s German espionage research section

B1(g) MI5s Spanish section

MI5s investigations section

CC Central Committee

City College of New York

CIA Counterintelligence Center

Communist Party of Great Britain

Communist Party of the United States of America

DCI Director of Central Intelligence

DDO Deputy Director for Operations

D/F Direction-Finding

Department of Scientific and Industrial Research

Defence Security Officer

Director of the Security Service, Vernon Kell

US Navy Fleet Broadcast System

First Chief Directorate

Russian Security Service

Irish Intelligence Service

Government Code & Cipher School

Government Communications Headquarters

GIS German Intelligence Service

Soviet (later Russian) military intelligence service

OKW intelligence liaison

Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile

I/H Eins Heer

I/L Eins Luft

I/LTW Eins Luft Technik

Israeli Defence Force

Central Committee of the Comintern

I-M Eins Marine

IRBN Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missile

Inter-Service Intelligence Directorate

Abwehr decrypts

Joint Intelligence Committee

Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency

Soviet intelligence service

KriegsOrganization

Kommunische Partei Deutschland

British Security Service

British Secret Intelligence Service

Combined Services Detailed Interrogation Centre

Iranian Ministry of Intelligence

Hungarian military intelligence service

International Workers Relief Organization

Medium-Range Ballistic Missile

North Atlantic Treaty Organisation

Soviet intelligence service

Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff Intelligence

Soviet intelligence service

OKH/Chi Oberkommando der Wehrmacht, Cipher Section

Ops (B) SHAEF deception planning unit

Office of Strategic Services

Personal File

Royal Corps of Signals

Radio Direction-Finding

ROF Royal Ordnance Factory

RSS Radio Security Service

Sturmabteilung

Iranian security service

SD Sicherheitsdienst

Servicio de Informacin Militar

Security Intelligence Middle East

British Secret Intelligence Service

Sound Surveillance System

Tudeh Party Military Organization

Twenty Committee

Y Wireless interception

19th codename for Laurence Duggan

Abel, Rudolf Alias of Willie Fisher, illegal rezident in New York

Abramov Head of International Department

AE/MONOLIGHT CIA codename for Gennadi Vasilenko

Agca, Mehmet Ali Turkish assassin

Agranat, Simon Former President of the Israeli Supreme Court

Akhemova, Elena officer

Albam, Jacob spy, convicted 1957

ALEK codename for Alan Nunn May

ALEKSEI codename for Anatoli Yakovlev

Ames, Aldrich CIA officer and spy, convicted 1994

Andropov, Yuri Chairman, 19671982

ANGEL Mossad codename for Ashraf Marwan

Angelov, Pavel officer in Ottawa

ANTENNA codename for Julius Rosenberg

Appleton, Edward Director,

Apresyan, Stepan officer codenamed MAY

ATILLA Unidentified spy

Aubert, Marc Abwehr spy in French Merchant Navy, executed 1939

Bagot, Millicent officer

Barbusse Henri French novelist

Belovai, Istvan officer and CIA asset, arrested 1985

Ben-Gurion, David Israeli prime minister, 19551963

Bendman, Yonah Head of Egyptian Section, Israeli military intelligence

Beria, Lavrenti Chief, 19381953

Best, Sigismund Payne SIS officer abducted at Venlo 1939

Bethe, Hans Atomic physicist and espionage suspect

Bethe, Rose Wife of Hans Bethe