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Agatha Ramm - Germany, 1789-1919: A Political History

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Germany 1789-1919 A Political History - image 1
ROUTLEDGE LIBRARY EDITIONS:
GERMAN HISTORY
Volume 35
GERMANY 17891919
GERMANY 17891919
A Political History
AGATHA RAMM
Germany 1789-1919 A Political History - image 2
First published in 1967 by Methuen & Co Ltd.
This edition first published in 2020
by Routledge
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017
and by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
1967 Agatha Ramm
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN: 9780-36702813-8 (Set)
ISBN: 9780-42927806-8 (Set) (ebk)
ISBN: 9780-36724823-9 (Volume 35) (hbk)
ISBN: 9780-42928458-8 (Volume 35) (ebk)
Publishers Note
The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent.
Disclaimer
The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and would welcome correspondence from those they have been unable to trace.
Germany 17891919 A POLITICAL HISTORY AGATHA RAMM First published 1967 - photo 3
Germany 17891919
A POLITICAL HISTORY
AGATHA RAMM First published 1967 by Methuen Co Ltd 1967 Agatha Ramm - photo 4
AGATHA RAMM
First published 1967 by Methuen Co Ltd 1967 Agatha Ramm Printed in Great - photo 5
First published 1967
by Methuen & Co Ltd
1967 Agatha Ramm
Printed in Great Britain
by Butler & Tanner Ltd
Frome and London
Distributed in the U.S.A.
by Barnes & Noble, Inc.
Contents
  1. xi
  2. xii

(drawn by B. Elkins)
1 The Rhineland
Although this is not primarily a work of historical research, I worked in the archives at Stuttgart, Munich, Darmstadt and Karlsruhe when I wrote its first chapter. I could not have done this profitably had not the archivists there been so generous in letting me draw upon their knowledge and skill. They gave me much more than the papers for which I happened to ask. I should like especially to thank Dr Clemm of Stuttgart, Dr Schottenloher of Munich and above all Dr Hans Rall, also of Munich. I owe a great debt of gratitude to Dr Rall in the writing of the whole from beginning to end. I should like to thank Mrs Phyllis Gomme who turned my crude ideas into maps and Professor Edna Purdie who helped me to write the section on Herder. I will not name individually friends and colleagues in Oxford and in Somerville who have given me of their knowledge, put their books at my disposal and saved me from many mistakes. But I bring my work to a close knowing my debt to them and to those both younger and older than myself who have taught me much of what I have here tried to set down.
AGATHA RAMM
Somerville College,
Oxford
July 1967.
I have used what, to me, was familiar English usage wherever an English form exists for a German word, but I have written Louis rather than Ludwig in the belief that the French form is nowadays more familiar than the English Lewis. I have written Duke for Herzog, Count for Graf, but preserved the German Freiherr and not used Baron, which normally translates it, since this, carrying different associations in English, seemed to me confusing. Among place-names, I have written Hanover, Brunswick, Frankfurt, Leipsig, Munich, Saxony, Bavaria rather than their German forms.
A. R.
Germany 17891919
T HE STARTING-POINT is the essential fact that authority in Germany lay in a - photo 6
T HE STARTING-POINT is the essential fact that authority in Germany lay in a mosaic of fragments. Politically Germany was a divided land: or rather, had never been consolidated. The map opposite shows that a traveller by road along the right bank of the Rhine would cross nineteen political frontiers within 124 miles. There were altogether over three hundred political units in Germany. They were at the base of the political structure in Germany. They ruled their territories as bureaucratic autocracies but could provide little in the way of government. Parts of Franconia and Swabia, where there were many knights lands, had little administration or justice, police or roads, few churches, hospitals or schools.
It is impossible to give an exact number. The number of units to which a vote in the Reichstag was attached either a single vote or a share in one of the six collective votes-was 293 in 1792. But some princes had accumulated territories and votes, some prelates with a share in a collective vote had no secular jurisdiction and the knights had no votes.
E. Stemmler, Die Grafschaft Hohenberg (Darstellungen aus der Wrttembergische Landes-geschichte, herausgegeben von der Wrttembergische Kommission fr Landesgeschichte, vol. 34) p. 66.
See E. von Waechter, Die letzten Jahre der deutschen Reichsritterschaft, WrttembergischeVierteljahrshefte fr Landesgeschichte (1934)p. 245. Knights might cause men to be executed or hanged but their sentences had to be confirmed by the Landesherr or prince in whose territory their own lay.
The free or self-governing cities were more sophisticated political communities. They, with their surrounding territories and dependent villages, were very much better administered and could take pride in their churches, schools, hospitals and civic institutions. They were variously organised. Most oligarchic was Lubeck, which vested its government in sixteen senators, (lawyers, merchants and men of old families) and four burgomasters. Their power was absolute and for life and vacancies among them were filled by co-option. Hamburg, less oligarchic, governed itself by three colleges of burghers, who granted the revenue and managed its expenditure through a committee of themselves, and by a senate, comprising four burgomasters, four syndics (or lawyers), four clerks and twenty-four other members. The senate co-opted new members as vacancies occurred and sat in secret. Frankfort was still less oligarchic, governing itself by a senate of fifty-one members and two burgomasters, all elected by the 14,000 burghers. Cologne in the same way governed itself by a senate (forty-nine members) and burgomasters (six in number) elected, except for seven senators, by all the burghers or those qualified to be burghers by the exercise of a recognised occupation.
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