Agatha Ramm - Europe in the Twentieth Century 1905-1970

EUROPE IN THE NINETEENTH
AND TWENTIETH CENTURIES

VOLUME TWO

The first part in this two-volume sequence is available as

EUROPE IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY 1905197

GRANT AND TEMPERLEYS
EUROPE IN THE NINETEENTH
AND TWENTIETH CENTURIES

Seventh Edition in two volumes

EUROPE IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
19051970

First published (as Europe in the Nineteenth Century) 1927
Fourth edition ( Europe in the Nineteenth and
Twentieth Centuries) 1952
Sixth edition 1971
First issued in paperback 1971
Seventh edition by agatha Ramm (in two volumes) 1984

First published 1984 by Longman Group Limited

Published 2013 by Routledge
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711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA

Copyright 1984, Taylor & Francis.

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ISBN 13: 978-0-582-49029-1 (pbk)

BRITISH LIBRARY CATALOGUING IN PUBLICATION DATA

Grant, Arthur James
Grant and Temperleys Europe in the nineteenth and
twentieth centuries.- 7th ed. in 2 vols.
Vol. 2: Europe in the twentieth century, 19051970
1. Europe-Civilization-19th century
2. Europe-Civilization-20th century
I. Title II. Temperley, H. N. V.
II. Ramm, Agatha
940.2 CB415

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING IN PUBLICATION DATA

Grant, A. J. (Arthur James), 18621948
Grant and Temperleys Europe in the nineteenth and
twentieth centuries.

Rev. ed. of: Europe in the nineteenth and twentieth
centuries, 6th ed. 1971.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Contents: v. 1. Europe in the nineteenth century,
1789-1905-v. 2. Europe in the twentieth century, 19051970.
1. Europe-History-1789-1900. 2. Europe-History-20th century. I. Temperley, Harold William
Vazelle, 18791939. II. Ramm, Agatha. II. Title.
IV. Title: Europe in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

D299.G7 1984 940.28 83-11986

Importance of Marxism and Socialism in the twentieth century Marx and Engels The philosopher Hegel and the dialectic Materialism and historical materialism Marxist economic theory Marx and the state; revolutionary action; the Communist Manifesto (1848) The First International (1864) Michael Bakunin and Anarchism The Paris Commune (1871) End of the First International; Socialist Political parties Leaders of the Socialist parties The Second and Third Internationals.

Defeat of Russia by Japan The Tsar Nicholas II; causes of revolution; congress of Zemstva representatives (November 1904) Bloody Sunday (January 22, 1905); the October Manifesto From the first to the fourth Dumas Stolypins land legislation Further industrialisation; expenditure on armaments; failure of liberal Russia, Russian foreign policy; cultivation of Slav clients The Russo-British entente France; strikes (1906-9); Radicals and Socialists; Clemenceau and Jaurs General election (1910) Germany; Blows effect on foreign policy German intervention in Morocco Political frustration; the Daily Telegraph incident; resignation of Blow Bethmann Hollweg; Tirpitz; Austria-Hungary brought into the Schlieffen plan Austro-Russian agreement at Mrzsteg; its collapse Turkey becomes a parliamentary state; Young Turks Isvolski and Aehrethal; Buchlau (1908); Austrian annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgarian independence Agitation in Serbia Significance of the Bosnian incident Left Liberals and Socialists in Germany (1910) German imperialism The Baghdad Railway Naval rivalry between Britain and Germany Increasing tension The neutrality formula Franco-German negotiations over Morocco Germany sends the Panther to Agadir Germany acquires Congo territory and war avoided Morocco becomes a French Protectorate (1912) Italo-Turkish war; Italy annexes Tripoli (November 1911) Franco-British naval arrangements Germany increases her navy and army (1912-13).

Overthrow of Turkey-in-Europe (191213); Montenegro and Albania Montenegro joined by Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece in Balkan League; Sazonov, Poincar, Berchtold Armistice (December 1912-February 1913); the Conference of Ambassadors in London Position of the Balkan League states (1913) Treaty of London (May 30, 1913) Bulgaria despoiled by Serbia, Greece and Rumania Results of the Balkan wars Russia opposes Germany in Turkey; Liman von Sanders Russia decides to demand re-opening of the Straits Britain negotiates with Germany (1914); Anglo-Russian naval conversations (1914) Military preparations (1913-14) Russo-German war scare (1914) Rumania defects from the Austro-German alliance Threat to Austria-Hungary Views of Tisza, Berchtold and Conrad Assassination at Sarajevo (June 28, 1914) Germany incites Austria to war; ultimatum to Serbia (July 23, 1914) Russia mobilises against Germany and Austria-Hungary Germany declares war on France (August 3, 1914) Britain decides to support France Review of the causes of the war in 1914 The Russian autocracy German bid for continental ascendancy Threat to Britains security.

Scale of the War Russia attacks East Prussia Russia defeated at the Battle of Tannenberg (August 2629, 1914) German offensive in Poland; stalemate in the East German offensive against Paris The Schlieffen Plan applied German occupation of Belgium The British at Mons and Le Cateau German advance on Paris in difficulties Failure of the German plan Battle of the Marne (September 1914) Stalemate in the West Causes of the German defeat French and German methods contrasted Falkenhayns plan for 1915; the British land at the Dardanelles Italy joins Britain and France (1915) Bulgaria joins Germany and Austria; Franco-British campaign (1915) Failure of the Dardanelles expedition Battle for Verdun (1916) Brusilov offensive in the East (1916) Rumania joins Russia (1916) Naval war; Battle of Jutland (May 31, 1916) Peace proposals of 1916; Germany decides on unrestricted submarine war America enters the War, (April 1917) Mutinies in the French army; Ptain Allenby in Palestine; Russian Revolution; Russian withdrawal; defeat of Italy at Caporetto Ludendorffs plan for 1918 French and British preparations; Foch and Haig German offensive of March 1918 Second Battle of the Marne Allied plans for an offensive (1918) Ludendorffs collapse Germany asks for peace (October 1918) Causes of the German defeat.