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Stephen Emerson - Air War Over North Vietnam: Operation Rolling Thunder, 1965–1968

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Stephen Emerson Air War Over North Vietnam: Operation Rolling Thunder, 1965–1968
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Air War Over North Vietnam: Operation Rolling Thunder, 1965–1968: summary, description and annotation

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In early 1965 the United States unleashed the largest sustained aerial bombing campaign since World War II, against North Vietnam. Through an ever escalating onslaught of destruction, Operation Rolling Thunder intended to signal Americas unwavering commitment to its South Vietnamese ally in the face of continued North Vietnamese aggression, break Hanois political will to prosecute the war, and bring about a negotiated settlement to the conflict. It was not to be. Against the backdrop of the Cold War and fears of widening the conflict into a global confrontation, Washington policy makers micromanaged and mismanaged the air campaign and increasingly muddled strategic objectives and operational methods that ultimately sowed the seeds of failure, despite the heroic sacrifices by U.S. Air Force and Navy pilots and crews
Despite flying some 306,000 combat sorties and dropping 864,000 tons of ordnance on North Vietnam 42 per cent more than that used in the Pacific theater during World War II Operation Rolling Thunder failed to drive Hanoi decisively to the negotiating table and end the war. That would take another four years and another air campaign. But by building on the hard earned political and military lessons of the past, the Nixon Administration and American military commanders would get another chance to prove themselves when they implemented operations Linebacker I and II in May and December 1972. And this time the results would be vastly different.
Review
I strongly recommend Emersons book to everyone from military member, to policy maker, to anyone interested in history. As always, there are lessons to be learned that can be applied to present conflicts as well as those in the future. (Roger H. Ducey, Colonel, US Air Force (ret.))
About the Author
Stephen Emerson was born in San Diego, California into a U.S. Navy family; his father was a career naval aviator and his mother a former Navy nurse. Steve and his siblings grew up on various Navy bases during the Vietnam War. His father served two combat tours in Vietnam flying both the A-4 Skyhawk and the A-7 Corsair II and participated in Operation Rolling Thunder while flying off the U.S.S. Midway in 1965 with Attack Squadron 22. Steve worked as intelligence analyst covering political-military affairs in Africa and the Middle East before embarking on an academic career. He served as Security Studies Chair at the National Defense Universitys Africa Center for Strategic Studies and previously as an associate professor of National Security Decision-making at the U.S. Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island. Steve has written widely on subjects from American national security affairs and political instability to terrorism, African conflicts, and counter-insurgency. Chief among these are his critical assessment of U.S. counter-terrorism policy in Africa, The Battle for Africas Hearts and Minds, and his comprehensive military history of the Mozambican civil war in _The Battle for Mozambique_. He holds a PhD in International Relations/Comparative Politics from the University of Florida and currently resides in Orlando, Florida.
Publisher: Pen and Sword Military (March 13, 2018)

Stephen Emerson: author's other books


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Air War Over North Vietnam Operation Rolling Thunder 19651968 - image 1
AIR WAR OVER NORTH VIETNAM

OPERATION ROLLING THUNDER, 19651968

STEPHEN EMERSON

Air War Over North Vietnam Operation Rolling Thunder 19651968 - image 2

First published in Great Britain in 2018 by

PEN AND SWORD MILITARY

an imprint of

Pen and Sword Books Ltd

47 Church Street

Barnsley

South Yorkshire S70 2AS

Copyright Stephen Emerson, 2018

ISBN 978 1 52670 822 9

eISBN 978 1 52670 824 3

Mobi ISBN 978 1 52670 823 6

The right of Stephen Emerson to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the Publisher in writing.

Every reasonable effort has been made to trace copyright holders of material reproduced in this book, but if any have been inadvertently overlooked the publishers will be pleased to hear from them.

Pen & Sword Books Ltd incorporates the imprints of Pen & Sword Archaeology, Atlas, Aviation, Battleground, Discovery, Family History, History, Maritime, Military, Naval, Politics, Railways, Select, Social History, Transport, True Crime, Claymore Press, Frontline Books, Leo Cooper, Praetorian Press, Remember When, Seaforth Publishing and Wharncliffe.

For a complete list of Pen and Sword titles please contact

Pen and Sword Books Limited

47 Church Street, Barnsley, South Yorkshire, S70 2AS, England

email:

website: www.pen-and-sword.co.uk

List of Maps

North and South Vietnam, 1964

The making of French Indochina

The Gulf of Tonkin incident, August 2, 1964

The North Vietnamese theater of operations

Route Packages

The North Vietnamese heartland

GLOSSARY
Bullpup air-to-ground missile with 250-pound warhead
Shrike air-to-ground homing missile with 150-pound warhead
Walleye air-to-ground guided missile with 825-pound warhead
Sparrow air-to-air missile
Sidewinder air-to-air missile
large-scale air strike against a fixed target
The central region of the Vietnamese peninsula centered on Hue.
roaming air patrol seeking out targets of opportunity
air-to-air missile used by MiG-21s that was a Soviet copy of the U.S. AIM-9 Sidewinder missile
Carrier Air Group commander; senior officer in charge of all squadrons aboard an aircraft carrier. Term was retained even after Navy changed from Carrier Air Groups to Carrier Air Wings.
The far southern region of the Vietnamese peninsula with Saigon at its center.
Carrier Air Wing; composed of all squadrons assigned to an aircraft carrier. Every aircraft carrier had its own unique numbered air wing, e.g., CVW-2, under command of a CAG.
Code name for Navy carrier operating point in the South China Sea that supported ground operations in South Vietnam.
demilitarized zone dividing North and South Vietnam
electronic countermeasures
SAM suppression mission
Military Assistance Advisory Group; absorbed by MACV in 1964
Military Assistance Command Vietnam; established 1962
MK-81250-pound bomb
500-pound bomb
500-pound bomb equipped with stabilizing fins for low-level bombing
MK-831,000-pound bomb
2,000-pound bomb
Air Force 3,000-pound bomb
National Liberation Front; short form of the National Front for the Liberation of the South
National Security Council (U.S.)
Northern Laos operating area; part of U.S. interdiction effort
January 1967 Air Force operation to lure out North Vietnamese MiG fighters
U.S. air, naval, and artillery bombardment of North Vietnamese artillery positions just north of the DMZ from September to October 1967.
U.S. defense of the Marine base at Khe Sanh from January to April 1968.
Southern Laos operating area; part of U.S. interdiction effort
Southern Laos operating area along South Vietnamese northwest border that fell under MACV control.
Peoples Liberation Armed Forces, better known as the Viet Cong
petroleum, oil, and lubricants
A 10 nautical mile (11.5 mile) circular zone around Hanoi and a 4 nautical mile (4.6 mile) circular zone around Haiphong that were off limits to bombing without special presidential approval.
A 30 nautical mile (34.5 mile) circular zone around Hanoi and a 10 nautical mile (11.5 mile) circular zone around Haiphong that were off limits to bombing without special Joint Chiefs approval.
Also called Route Pack. A geographic operating area of North Vietnam; numbered I to V plus VI A and VI B.
Soviet-made Guideline surface-to-air missile
surface-to-air missile
air-to-ground homing missile with 400-pound warhead; officially AGM-45
Task Force 77; naval carrier task force component of Seventh Fleet
tactical fighter squadron (Air Force)
tactical fighter wing (Air Force)
The far northern region of the Vietnamese peninsula with Hanoi at its center.
tactical reconnaissance squadron (Air Force)
VAattack squadron (Navy)
VFfighter squadron (Navy)
Republic of Vietnam Air Force (South Vietnam)
Vietnamese Peoples Air Force (North Vietnam)
air-to-ground guided missile with 825-pound warhead; officially AGM-62
F-100F and F-105F SAM suppression aircraft (Air Force)
Code name for Navy carrier operating point in the Gulf of Tonkin that supported air operations in North Vietnam, Laos, and occasionally in South Vietnam.
5-inch air-to-ground rockets used by Navy and VNAF aircraft
North and South Vietnam 1964 1 A PLACE CALLED VIETNAM Few places in Asia - photo 3

North and South Vietnam, 1964.

1. A PLACE CALLED VIETNAM

Few places in Asia, other than possibly the Korea peninsula, have been as severely buffeted by the unpredictable winds of the Cold War than Vietnam. As with Korea, Vietnam would pull the United States into a conflict it never wanted, understood or was prepared to fight. Despite an overwhelming commitment of American lives and treasure, victory on the battlefield in Vietnam would also be just as elusive for the United States. More significantly, the Vietnam experience would have a profound impact on the American national psyche and U.S. foreign and military policy that still endures today.

It wasnt always this case, for in the summer of 1964 most Americans were more preoccupied with a presidential campaign and the recently passed civil rights legislation than in developing events in far off Southeast Asia in a place called Vietnam. This was somewhat surprising given the critical post-World War II role of the United States in supporting French military efforts to quash Ho Chi Minhs communist nationalist insurgency. It is even more telling as Americans came perilously close to being drawn directly into war ten years earlier as the besieged French garrison at Dien Bien Phu battled for its life. Ultimately, American combat troops would indeed be committed to a war in Southeast Asia when 3,500 men of the 9th Marine Expeditionary Brigade waded ashore at Da Nang, South Vietnam on March 8, 1965.

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