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Martin S. Alexander - The Algerian War and the French Army, 1954-62: Experiences, Images, Testimonies

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Book:
The Algerian War and the French Army, 1954-62: Experiences, Images, Testimonies
Author:
Martin S Alexander / Martin Evans / John FV Keiger
Publisher:
Palgrave MacMillan
Genre:
Books / Politics
Year:
2002
Rating:
4 / 5
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The Algerian War 1954-62 was one of the most prolonged and violent examples of decolonization. At times horribly savage, it was an undeclared war in the sense that no formal declaration of hostilities was ever made. Bringing to an end one hundred and thirty two years of French rule, the Algerian struggle caused the fall of six French prime ministers, the collapse of the Fourth Republic and expulsion of one million French settlers. This volume, bringing together leading experts in the field, focuses on one of the key actors in the drama - the French army. They show that the Algerian War was just as much about conflicts of ideas, beliefs and loyalties as it was about simple military operations. In this way, the collection goes beyond polemic and recrimination to explore the many and varied nuances of what was one of the historically most important of the grand style colonial wars.

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Of Related Interest

French Military Rule in Morocco: Colonialism and its Consequences
by Moshe Gershovich

North Africa, Islam and the Mediterranean World: From the Almoravids to the Algerian War
edited by Julia Clancy-Smith

International Diplomacy and Colonial Retreat
edited by Kent Fedorowich and Martin Thomas

France and the Algerian War 1954-62

First published in 2002 by Frank Cass Publishers

This edition published 2012 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

France and the Algerian War, 19541962: strategy,

operations and diplomacy

1.Algeria History Revolution, 19541962 2.France

History, Military 20th century

I.Alexander, Martin S. II.Keiger, John F. V.

965 .046

ISBN 0-7146-5297-0 (cloth)
ISBN 0-7146-8264-0 (paper)

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

France and the Algerian War, 195462: strategy, operations and dip
diplomacy / editors, Martin S. Alexander, J.F.V. Keiger.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-7146-5297-0 (cloth) ISBN 0-7146-8264-0 (pbk.)

1. Algeria-History-Revolution, 1954-1962-Campaigns, 2. France.

Arme-Colonial forcesHistory20th century. 3. FranceForeign

relations19581969. I. Alexander, Martin S. II. Keiger, John F. V.

DT295 .F715 2002

965.046dc21

2002007378

This group of studies first appeared in a Special Issue on France and the Algerian War (1954-62): Strategy, Operations and Diplomacy of The Journal of Strategic Studies (ISSN 0140 2390) 25/2 (June 2002) published by Frank Cass.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced. stored in or introduced into a retrieval system. or transmitted. in any form. or by any means. electronic. mechanical. photocopying. recording. or othenvise. without the prior written permissionof the publisher of this book.

Dedicated to the memory of F. G. M. Keiger (1916-2002)

Contents

Martin S. Alexander J. F. V. Keiger

Lt. Colonel Frdric Guelton

Alexander Zervoudakis

Marie-Catherine Villatoux Paul Villatoux

Rear Admiral Bernard Estival

Stephen Tyre

Irwin M. Wall

Charles G. Cogan

Christopher Goldsmith

Martin Thomas

The Colonial Period

1830: French troops capture Algiers

1848: French Second Republic Constitution proclaims Algeria an integral part of France

1911: Compulsory military conscription extended to Algerias Muslim males

1926: Foundation of the Etoile Nord-Africaine (ENA) in Paris, demanding independence for North Africa

29 November 1929: ENA banned by French authorities

28 May 1933: ENA reconstituted, under Messali Hadj

November 1936: Stillborn French proposals from Popular Front Governor-General of Algeria, Maurice Viollette, for reforms and Muslim enfranchisement

26 January 1937: Second dissolution of ENA by French authorities

26 September 1939: Onset of World War II used by French as pretext to arrest principal Algerian nationalists

26 May 1943: Presentation of the Algerian Manifesto

2 April 1945: Founding Congress of the Amis du Manifest et de la Libert

8-31 May 1945: Inter-communal massacres at Stif and Guelma leave 103 Europeans and up to 3,000 Muslims dead

20 October 1946: Creation by Messali Hadj of the MTLD (Mouvement pour le triomphe des liberts dmocratiques)

20 September 1947: French Fourth Republics new Statute for Algeria slightly widens Muslim franchise; rejected by Muslim political leaders

The War

1 November 1954: Uprising across Algeria launched in 70 attacks by the 800 guerrillas of the Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN: Front de Libration Nationale and its ALN, Arme de Libration Nationale)

3 December: Formation of the MNA (Mouvement Nord-Africain) by Messali Hadj, rivalling the FLN

1955

20 January: French army (now over 80,000 troops) conducts first major operations in Aurs mountains

1 February: Jacques Soustelle appointed Algerian Governor-General, replacing Roger Lonard

February-November: French government of Edgar Faure (General Pierre Koenig is Minister for Defence)

1 April: Six-month state of emergency promulgated for Algeria

18-24 April: Bandung (Indonesia) conference of non-aligned Afro-Asian nations recognises FLN

May: Soustelle forms the SAS (Sections Administratives Spcialises), 5,000 personnel at 800 rural centres by 1959

16 June: General Henri Lorillot replaces General Paul Cherrire as C-in-C in Algeria with 100,000 troops.

20-25 August: Widespread inter-communal massacres and reprisals at Philippe ville (eastern Algeria), 123 die

12 September: French ban the Parti Communiste Algrien

29 November: Faures government defeated in National Assembly

2 December: French National Assembly dissolved for general elections

1956

FLN has 25,000 to 40,000 guerrillas

2 January: French elections bring victory for centre-left Republican Front alliance

2 February: Soustelle leaves Algiers, waved off by massive and apprehensive European crowds

6 February: New French Prime Minister (the SFIO Socialist Party leader Guy Mollet) pelted with tomatoes by angry European colonist crowd on visit to Algiers; scraps plan to appoint liberal retired General Georges Catroux as Governor-General

9 February: Former trade union chief Robert Lacoste appointed to take charge in Algeria, as Resident-Minister

2 March: Morocco granted full independence (France retains troops there till 1960)

12 March: French National Assembly votes Mollet special powers, enabling recall of reservist troops and use of conscripts in Algeria

20 March: Tunisia granted full independence (France retains six bases till 1961)

May: French reservists deployed to Algeria, double troop strength from March to 390,000 by August. Military service 27 months instead of 18

20 August: Conference of FLN leaders in the Soummam Valley, Kabylia.

22 October: French secret services hijack aircraft taking FLN leader Ahmed Ben-Bella from Morocco to Tunis, arresting Ben-Bella and 3 other leaders

13 November: General Raoul Salan appointed the new C-in-C for Algeria (gains combined civil and military powers from 1 December)

1957

7 January 1957: Security and police powers for Greater Algiers delegated to General Jacques Massu and 10th Parachute Division.

28 January 4 February: FLN-organized general strike shuts down commerce in Algiers: start of Battle of Algiers

18 February: General Jacques Paris de Bollardire relieved of his command for publicly condemning French army use of torture

21 May: Mollet government overturned in Paris

29 May: Melouza massacre (FLN-MNA fratricides) of 315 Algerians

11 June: Arrest of French intellectual Maurice Audin for opposing use of torture in Algeria

17 June: Investiture of new French government of Maurice Bourgs-Maunoury

24 September: Arrest of Yacef Saadi, FLN leader in Algiers (effectively ends Battle of Algiers after 24,000 arrests and 3,000 deaths in custody)

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