Yaacov Roi - Jews and Jewish Life in Russia and the Soviet Union

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JEWS AND JEWISH LIFE IN RUSSIA AND THE SOVIET UNION

The Cummings Center for Russian and East European Studies
The Cummings Center Series

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Jews and Jewish Life in Russia and the Soviet Union

Yaacov Roi, Editor

THE CUMMINGS CENTER FOR RUSSIAN AND EAST EUROPEAN STUDIES TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY

The Cummings Center is Tel Aviv Universitys main framework for research, study, documentation and publication relating to the history and current affairs of Russia, the former Soviet republics and Eastern Europe. Its current projects include Fundamentalism and Secularism in the Muslim Republics of the Soviet Union; the Establishment of Political Parties and the Process of Democratization in Russia; Religion and Society in Russia; the Creation of New Historical Narratives in Contemporary Russia; and Soviet Military Theory and History.

In addition, the Center seeks to establish a bridge between the Russian and Western academic communities, promoting a dialogue with Russian academic circles through joint projects, seminars, roundtables and publications.

THE CUMMINGS CENTER SERIES

The titles published in this series are the product of original research by the Centers faculty, research staff and associated fellows. The Cummings Center Series also serves as a forum for publishing declassified Russian archival material of interest to scholars in the fields of history and political science.

Managing Editor Deena Leventer

JEWS AND JEWISH LIFE IN RUSSIA AND THE SOVIET UNION

EDITED BY

YAACOV ROI

First published 1995 by Routledge

Published 2016 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 1995

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notices
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.

Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Typeset by University Publishing Projects, Tel Aviv, Israel

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Jews and Jewish Life in Russia and the Soviet Union. - (Cummings Center Series)
I. Roi, Yaacov II. Series
947.004924

ISBN-13: 978-0-7146-4619-0 (hbk)
ISBN-13: 978-0-714-64149-2 (pbk)

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Jews and Jewish life in Russia and the Soviet Union / edited by Yaacov Roi

p. cm. - (The Cummings Center Series)
Includes index.

1. Jews - Soviet Union - History. 2. Antisemitism - Soviet Union. 3. Soviet Union - Emigration and immigration. 4. Jews - Russia - History. 5. Soviet Union - Ethnic relations. I. Roi, Yaacov. II. Series
DS135.R92J46/
1995 947, 004924-dc20

94-33683 CIP

To the memory of

SHMUEL ETHNGER

who taught so many of us so much

Contents

Eli Lederhendler

Shaul Stampfer

Naomi Blank

Igor Krupnik

Robert Weinberg

Iakov Etinger

Abraham Ascher

John D. Klier

Alexander Lokshin

Mordechai Altshuler

Allan L. Kagedan

David G. Roskies

John Garrard

Velvel Chernin

Dimitri Segal

David E. Fishman

Yaacov Roi

Lili Baazova

Iurii Strizhov

Nina Sementchenko and Sergei Mirokhin

Yosef Govrin

Minton Goldman

Mark Tolts

Steven Rosefielde

Rozalina Ryvkina

Fran Markowitz

Acknowledgements

The Cummings Center for Russian and East European Studies is grateful to Beatrice Cummings Mayer, for her inspiration and dedicated support of the Centers activities.

Jews and Jewish Life in Russia and the Soviet Union evolved from an international conference held in Moscow in April 1993 by the Cummings Center for Russian Studies of Tel Aviv University, the Graduate School and City College of the City University of New York and the Department of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The conference was made possible through a generous grant from the Nathan Cummings Foundation. It was also sponsored by the Jewish Agency and the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee.

Prof. Aleksandr Oganovich Tchoubarian was an instrumental partner in organizing the conference. Drs. Mikhail Narinsky and Boris Morozov made every effort to ensure its success.

Finally, thanks are due to Deena Leventer and Beryl Belsky for their professionalism and perseverance in editing the manuscript.

The story of Russian and Soviet Jewry is basically that of the interrelationship between a number of factors which transcended transformations in the countrys political order. One of these factors is, paradoxically, regime policy; another, the attitude of the surrounding population to the Jews; and a third, the Jews socio-economic conditions, which were largely a function of the first two. Indeed, it often seems as though external factors, rather than developments and trends intrinsic to the Jews own existence, determined the sui generis nature of the Russian and Soviet Jewish community, to the extent that one wonders whether it is appropriate to use the term community, which implies a certain homogeneity.

The four chapters which address themselves to the pre-Soviet era are singularly salient to this issue. While they necessarily touch upon only a few aspects of Russian Jewish existence prior to the October Revolution, each of these features is a significant one. Indeed, the question posed by Eli Lederhendler, whether one can legitimately speak of a Russian Jewry in the 19th century, goes directly to the heart of the matter. Lederhendlets basic contention is that a priori, upon their initial inclusion in the Russian empire, the Jews of Poland, Ukraine, Belorussia and Lithuania were split ideologically, structurally and culturally. It was their common experience with tsarist policy that gradually began to weld them together. Only at the very end of the tsarist period does Lederhendler discern a Russian Jewry in the sense that one speaks of Western national Jewries, namely one that begins to associate with the non-Jewish populations around it, to identify with some of their problems and to aspire to take part in their culture.

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