Cyril E. Black - The Modernization of Inner Asia

First published 1991 by M.E. Sharpe

Published 2015 by Routledge
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

The modernization of inner Asia / by Cyril E. Black [et al.].
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-87332-778-0 (c) ISBN 0-87332-779-9 (p)
1. Asia, CentralEconomic conditions.
2. Asia, CentralSocial conditions.
3. Asia, CentralPolitics and government.
I. Black, Cyril Edwin, 1915
HC412.M58 1991
338.958dc20
90-23385
CIP

ISBN 13: 9780873327794 (pbk)
ISBN 13: 9780873327787 (hbk)

To the memory of

CYRIL EDWIN BLACK
September 10, 1915-July 19, 1989

and

LOUIS BENJAMIN DUPREE
August 23, 1925-March 21, 1989

ScholarsCoauthorsFriends

CYRIL E. BLACK published widely in Russian and European history and was concerned as well with questions of comparative history and modernization. His Dynamics of Modernization (1966) stressed the pivotal role of applied science and technology in modernization and outlined the sequential transformations. Professor Black collaborated on The Modernization of Japan and Russia (1975) and The Modernization of China (1981), and as director of the Center of International Studies at Princeton University, furthered other studies on modernization. He pioneered this volume. At the time of his death in July 1989 he was professor of history and international relations emeritus at Princeton University.

L OUIS D UPREE was an anthropologist and archaeologist with a special interest in Afghanistan. After receiving a Ph.D. from Harvard University, he traveled throughout Afghanistan and conducted numerous excavations. He lectured at many universities in the United States and abroad and published extensively on the diverse disciplines of his interest; his volume Afghanistan (1973) is particularly well known. He will best be remembered for his commitment to the people of Afghanistan, especially during its recent period of turmoil. He died in 1989 shortly after returning from a visit to combat areas.

E LIZABETH E NDICOTT -W EST , a specialist in Yuan-dynasty history, works primarily with Chinese and Mongolian sources and has visited the Mongolian Peoples Republic four times, most recently to attend the Fifth International Congress of Mongolists in Ulan Bator in 1987. Her Mongolian Rule in China: Local Administration in the Yuan Dynasty was published in 1989. Professor Endicott-West teaches in the Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations at Harvard University.

D ANIEL C. M ATUSZEWSKI is a historian and the author of studies on modernization and nationality trends in Inner Asia, as well as works on Soviet international affairs and policy in Asia. He received his Ph.D. in Russian and Turkic history from the University of Washington after extended research and travel in Moscow, Istanbul, and Central Asia. After having taught at Rutgers University, he directed the Soviet and Asian programs at the International Research and Exchanges Board for twenty years. He is currently executive director of the International Foundation in Moscow.

E DEN N ABY is a specialist in the modem cultural history of the Muslim societies of Inner Asia, with particular interest in ethnic minorities, Muslim and non-Muslim, living in Soviet and Chinese Central Asia, Iran, and Afghanistan. She has traveled and worked in all these areas, beginning with Peace Corps service in Afghanistan. Her research includes extensive use of indigenous-language publications from Turkic and Iranian areas, and she has published articles about cultural and political patterns in scholarly journals. Professor Naby teaches at Harvard University.

A RTHUR N. W ALDRON is a historian of China, with a special interest in comparative history, nationalism, and military questions. Trained at Harvard, he has studied in China, Japan, and the USSR, and has traveled extensively in Asia. His first book, The Great Wall of China: From History to Myth (1990), is published by Cambridge University Press. Professor Waldron teaches at Princeton University.

This study of the modernization of Inner Asia is the third in a series of collaborative studies of modernization conducted under the auspices of the Center of International Studies at Princeton University. The two earlier investigations resulted in two volumes: The Modernization of Japan and Russia (1975), by eight authors, and The Modernization of China (1981), by nine. A fourth volume on the modernization of the Middle East, also by nine authors, is in preparation. Support for this volume on Inner Asia came from the Ford Foundation.

The importance of Inner Asia as an example of the process of modernization lies in the way the distinctive premodem characteristics of the countries and territories of this region extend the comparative basis for understanding how diverse societies cope with the common problems of societal transformation. At the same time, however, these regions and territories are more diverse and resistant to generalization than those analyzed in the earlier volumes. Japan and Russia had powerful and effective central governments for centuries before the period of modernity. China was one of the worlds oldest civilizations, and its unique political and cultural heritage played a crucial role in the modernizing transformation of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. In all three of these major states, potent indigenous factors interacted with external influences.

Inner Asia had a far less cohesive political and cultural history, and much of its modernization was imposed from outside. Despite being the site of expansive nomadic empires for almost a millennium up until the sixteenth century, empires that had subjugated the agricultural states of Russia, China, and Persia along the periphery, Inner Asia entered the modern age in political and social disarray. Divided up among the newly dominant sedentary states they had earlier ruled, the diverse societies of the region have been subjected to comprehensive experiments of social transformation introduced from the Russian, Chinese, and British-influenced metropolises to the west, east, and south. The nexus of questions centering on the relations between nomadism, empire, nationalism, and modernization is the particular focus of this study. The intricate mix of outcomes resulting from the interaction between externally imposed programs and indigenous structures, talents, and aspirations gives Inner Asia its special place among variants of modernization.