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Adeeb Khalid - Central Asia: A New History from the Imperial Conquests to the Present

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A major history of Central Asia and how it has been shaped by modern world eventsCentral Asia is often seen as a remote and inaccessible land on the peripheries of modern history. Encompassing Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, and the Xinjiang province of China, it in fact stands at the crossroads of world events. Adeeb Khalid provides the first comprehensive history of Central Asia from the mid-eighteenth century to today, shedding light on the historical forces that have shaped the region under imperial and Communist rule.Predominantly Muslim with both nomadic and settled populations, the peoples of Central Asia came under Russian and Chinese rule after the 1700s. Khalid shows how foreign conquest knit Central Asians into global exchanges of goods and ideas and forged greater connections to the wider world. He explores how the Qing and Tsarist empires dealt with ethnic heterogeneity, and compares Soviet and Chinese Communist attempts at managing national and cultural difference. He highlights the deep interconnections between the Russian and Chinese parts of Central Asia that endure to this day, and demonstrates how Xinjiang remains an integral part of Central Asia despite its fraught and traumatic relationship with contemporary China.The essential history of one of the most diverse and culturally vibrant regions on the planet, this panoramic book reveals how Central Asia has been profoundly shaped by the forces of modernity, from colonialism and social revolution to nationalism, state-led modernization, and social engineering.

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CENTRAL ASIA Central Asia A NEW H ISTORY FROM THE IMPE RIAL CONQUESTS TO TH - photo 1

CENTRAL ASIA

Central Asia

A NEW HISTORY FROM THE IMPERIAL CONQUESTS TO THE PRESENT

ADEEB KHAL

PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS

PRINCETON & OXFORD

Copyright 2021 by Princeton University Press

Princeton University Press is committed to the protection of copyright and the intellectual property our authors entrust to us. Copyright promotes the progress and integrity of knowledge. Thank you for supporting free speech and the global exchange of ideas by purchasing an authorized edition of this book. If you wish to reproduce or distribute any part of it in any form, please obtain permission.

Requests for permission to reproduce material from this work should be sent to

Published by Princeton University Press

41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540

6 Oxford Street, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1TR

press.princeton.edu

All Rights Reserved

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Khalid, Adeeb, 1964 author.

Title: Central Asia : a new history from the imperial conquests to the present / Adeeb Khalid.

Description: First edition. | Princeton : Princeton University Press, [2021] | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2020047138 (print) | LCCN 2020047139 (ebook) | ISBN 9780691161396 (hardback) | ISBN 9780691220437 (ebook)

Subjects: LCSH: Asia, CentralHistory. | Asia, CentralEthnic relations. | Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu (China)History. | IslamAsia, CentralHistory. | Asia, CentralCivilizationRussian influences. | Asia, CentralCivilizationChinese influences.

Classification: LCC DK856 .K47 2021 (print) | LCC DK856 (ebook) | DDC 958dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020047138

LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020047139

Version 1.0

British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available

Editorial: Priya Nelson, Thalia Leaf

Jacket Design: Pamela L. Schnitter

Jacket image: The Ark of Bukhara, Uzbekistan. Photo: Jeremy Sutton-Hibbert / Alamy Stock Photo

CONTEN
  1. ix
  2. xi
  3. xiii
  4. xv
  5. xvii
ILLUSTRATIONS

Yaqub Beg

The conquerors of Central Asia

A Kazakh settlement

A new-method school in Samarqand

Leading Jadid figures

The State of Affairs in Bukhara

Kazakh leaders

The Third Congress of the Bukharan Peoples Soviet Republic

Women in paranji and chachvon

A group of Uzbek cadres

Unveiled women celebrate their liberation by Soviet power

National in form, socialist in content?

Sharaf Rashidov with Leonid Brezhnev and Alexei Kosygin

Cotton production in the postwar period

Cotton and grain production in Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan, 19401990

Socialist in form, national in content?

Tashkent State University, 1970

The Presidium of the Conference of Afro-Asian Writers, Tashkent, 1958

A Writers Union conference

Boats on the exposed bed of the Aral Sea

The demographic transformation of Xinjiang since 1949

The demolition of old Kashgar

The Heyitgah (or Idgah) mosque in Kashgar, June 2019

Rats on the Street

MAPS

Central Asia today

Central Asia: physical features and premodern geographic terminology

The Manchu conquest of Zungharia and Altishahr

Imperial conquests of the mid-nineteenth century

Imperial Central Asia

Xinjiang in the republican era

The shrinking Aral Sea

Xinjiangs nested autonomies

TABLES

Contemporary Central Asia

Brezhnev-era first secretaries of Communist parties in Central Asia

Urban population as a percentage of the total, 19591989

The growth of the Central Asian population by nationality, 19591989

National composition of the Central Asian republics, 19591989

Perestroika-era leaders

Results of the March 1991 referendum on preserving the union

Post-Soviet national leaders

Spatial and economic disparities in Xinjiang, 2017

ABBREVIATIONS

CCP

Chinese Communist Party

CIA

Central Intelligence Agency

ETIM

East Turkestan Islamic Movement

ETR

Eastern Turkestan Republic

GMD

Guomindang (Chinese Nationalist Party)

GWOT

Global war on terrorism

KGB

Committee on State Security (Soviet political police)

NGO

Nongovermental organization

NYT

New York Times

PDPA

Peoples Democratic Party of Afghanistan

PLA

Peoples Liberation Army

POW

prisoner of war

PRC

Peoples Republic of China

RFA

Radio Free Asia

RGASPI

Russian State Archive of Sociopolitical History

SADUM

Religious Directorate for the Muslims of Central Asia and Kazakhstan

SCO

Shanghai Cooperation Organization

TCNU

Turkestan Committee of National Unity

TIP

Turkestan Islamic Party

UNESCO

United Nations Economic, Social, and Cultural Organization

XPCC

Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

MANY YEARS AGO, Brigitta van Rheinberg suggested that I write an accessible book on Central Asia for Princeton University Press. This, finally, is that book. It took longer than I expected and is longer than Brigitta expected, but it would not exist without her suggestion and encouragement. My thanks go to her for offering me the possibility both to think broadly about Central Asias modern history and to address a wider audience.

This book synthesizes most of what I know about Central Asia. I therefore owe thanks to all of the friends and colleagues who have helped me over my career. But I owe a special round of thanks to those friends and colleagues who welcomed me to the study of Xinjiang and helped me get my bearings in it. James Millward, David Brophy, Rian Thum, and Max Oidtmann answered many questions, gave practical advice for my travels there, and saved me from many mistakes. Artemy Kalinovsky, Scott Levi, Susannah Ottaway, and Charles Shaw read different parts of the manuscript as it developed and gave invaluable advice. Max Oidtmann read the full draft of the penultimate version of this book and offered generous comments and many corrections. I also thank the two anonymous readers for Princeton University Press for their insights and their suggestions. These generous colleagues have made me clarify many arguments, step back from overstatements, and refine my writing. It should go without saying (but I will say it anyway) that none of these fine scholars bears any responsibility for the blemishes that remain in this book.

Big thank-yous go to David Brophy, Alexander Morrison, James Pickett, and Sean Roberts for sharing prepublication versions of their works. Darren Byler, Victoria Clement, Akram Habibulla, and Rinat Shigabdinov answered queries and provided sources. The staff of the Special Collections Reading Room at Lund University Library made my week there both pleasant and productive. I am grateful to Lisa D., Yulduz X., and Yahya al-Sini for research in Chinese-language materials. Many thanks go to Bill Nelson for the wonderful maps and Elizabeth Budd for the graphs.

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