CENTRAL ASIA
Central Asia
A NEW HISTORY FROM THE IMPERIAL CONQUESTS TO THE PRESENT
ADEEB KHAL
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS
PRINCETON & OXFORD
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Khalid, Adeeb, 1964 author.
Title: Central Asia : a new history from the imperial conquests to the present / Adeeb Khalid.
Description: First edition. | Princeton : Princeton University Press, [2021] | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2020047138 (print) | LCCN 2020047139 (ebook) | ISBN 9780691161396 (hardback) | ISBN 9780691220437 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Asia, CentralHistory. | Asia, CentralEthnic relations. | Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu (China)History. | IslamAsia, CentralHistory. | Asia, CentralCivilizationRussian influences. | Asia, CentralCivilizationChinese influences.
Classification: LCC DK856 .K47 2021 (print) | LCC DK856 (ebook) | DDC 958dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020047138
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020047139
Version 1.0
British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available
Editorial: Priya Nelson, Thalia Leaf
Jacket Design: Pamela L. Schnitter
Jacket image: The Ark of Bukhara, Uzbekistan. Photo: Jeremy Sutton-Hibbert / Alamy Stock Photo
ILLUSTRATIONS
Yaqub Beg
The conquerors of Central Asia
A Kazakh settlement
A new-method school in Samarqand
Leading Jadid figures
The State of Affairs in Bukhara
Kazakh leaders
The Third Congress of the Bukharan Peoples Soviet Republic
Women in paranji and chachvon
A group of Uzbek cadres
Unveiled women celebrate their liberation by Soviet power
National in form, socialist in content?
Sharaf Rashidov with Leonid Brezhnev and Alexei Kosygin
Cotton production in the postwar period
Cotton and grain production in Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan, 19401990
Socialist in form, national in content?
Tashkent State University, 1970
The Presidium of the Conference of Afro-Asian Writers, Tashkent, 1958
A Writers Union conference
Boats on the exposed bed of the Aral Sea
The demographic transformation of Xinjiang since 1949
The demolition of old Kashgar
The Heyitgah (or Idgah) mosque in Kashgar, June 2019
Rats on the Street
MAPS
Central Asia today
Central Asia: physical features and premodern geographic terminology
The Manchu conquest of Zungharia and Altishahr
Imperial conquests of the mid-nineteenth century
Imperial Central Asia
Xinjiang in the republican era
The shrinking Aral Sea
Xinjiangs nested autonomies
TABLES
Contemporary Central Asia
Brezhnev-era first secretaries of Communist parties in Central Asia
Urban population as a percentage of the total, 19591989
The growth of the Central Asian population by nationality, 19591989
National composition of the Central Asian republics, 19591989
Perestroika-era leaders
Results of the March 1991 referendum on preserving the union
Post-Soviet national leaders
Spatial and economic disparities in Xinjiang, 2017
ABBREVIATIONS
CCP | Chinese Communist Party |
CIA | Central Intelligence Agency |
ETIM | East Turkestan Islamic Movement |
ETR | Eastern Turkestan Republic |
GMD | Guomindang (Chinese Nationalist Party) |
GWOT | Global war on terrorism |
KGB | Committee on State Security (Soviet political police) |
NGO | Nongovermental organization |
NYT | New York Times |
PDPA | Peoples Democratic Party of Afghanistan |
PLA | Peoples Liberation Army |
POW | prisoner of war |
PRC | Peoples Republic of China |
RFA | Radio Free Asia |
RGASPI | Russian State Archive of Sociopolitical History |
SADUM | Religious Directorate for the Muslims of Central Asia and Kazakhstan |
SCO | Shanghai Cooperation Organization |
TCNU | Turkestan Committee of National Unity |
TIP | Turkestan Islamic Party |
UNESCO | United Nations Economic, Social, and Cultural Organization |
XPCC | Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps |
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
MANY YEARS AGO, Brigitta van Rheinberg suggested that I write an accessible book on Central Asia for Princeton University Press. This, finally, is that book. It took longer than I expected and is longer than Brigitta expected, but it would not exist without her suggestion and encouragement. My thanks go to her for offering me the possibility both to think broadly about Central Asias modern history and to address a wider audience.
This book synthesizes most of what I know about Central Asia. I therefore owe thanks to all of the friends and colleagues who have helped me over my career. But I owe a special round of thanks to those friends and colleagues who welcomed me to the study of Xinjiang and helped me get my bearings in it. James Millward, David Brophy, Rian Thum, and Max Oidtmann answered many questions, gave practical advice for my travels there, and saved me from many mistakes. Artemy Kalinovsky, Scott Levi, Susannah Ottaway, and Charles Shaw read different parts of the manuscript as it developed and gave invaluable advice. Max Oidtmann read the full draft of the penultimate version of this book and offered generous comments and many corrections. I also thank the two anonymous readers for Princeton University Press for their insights and their suggestions. These generous colleagues have made me clarify many arguments, step back from overstatements, and refine my writing. It should go without saying (but I will say it anyway) that none of these fine scholars bears any responsibility for the blemishes that remain in this book.
Big thank-yous go to David Brophy, Alexander Morrison, James Pickett, and Sean Roberts for sharing prepublication versions of their works. Darren Byler, Victoria Clement, Akram Habibulla, and Rinat Shigabdinov answered queries and provided sources. The staff of the Special Collections Reading Room at Lund University Library made my week there both pleasant and productive. I am grateful to Lisa D., Yulduz X., and Yahya al-Sini for research in Chinese-language materials. Many thanks go to Bill Nelson for the wonderful maps and Elizabeth Budd for the graphs.