Scandinavian Homosexualities:
Essays on Gay and
Lesbian Studies
Scandinavian Homosexualities: Essays on Gay and Lesbian Studies has been co-published simultaneously as Journal of Homosexuality, Volume 35, Numbers 3/4 1998.
Scandinavian Homosexualities:
Essays on Gay
and Lesbian Studies
Jan Lfstrm, PhD
Editor
Scandinavian Homosexualities: Essays on Gay and Lesbian Studies has been co-published simultaneously as Journal of Homosexuality, Volume 35, Numbers 3/4 1998.
Scandinavian Homosexualities: Essays on Gay and Lesbian Studies has been co-published simultaneously as Journal of Homosexuality, Volume 35, Numbers 3/4 1998.
1998 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilm and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
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First published 1998 by
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publicatlon Data
Scandinavian homosexualities : essays on gay and lesbian studies / Jan Lofstrom, editor,
p. cm.
... co-published simultaneously as Journal of homosexuality, volume 35, numbers 3/4 1998.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-7890-0508-5 (alk. paper). - ISBN 1-56023-111-4 (alk. paper)
1. Gay and lesbian studies-Scandinavia. 2. Gay men-Scandinavia-History. 3. Lesbians-Scandinavia-History. I. Lofstrom, Jan. II. Journal of homosexuality.
HQ75.16.S34S33 1998
306.766071048-dc21 | 98-6624 CIP |
ABOUT THE EDITOR
Jan Lfstrm, PhD, having studied history for his MA (Helsinki) and sociology for his PhD (Essex), has ended up a Research Fellow in the Ethnology Department at the University of Jyvskyl. He has researched the social and cultural construction of gender, sexuality, and homosexuality, and, in particular, the changes in the notions and experiences of gender and sexuality that historically have accompanied a transition from rural to urban culture. He has published articles in, amongst others, Sociological Review and Ethnologia Scandinavica. He is currently involved in a research project in the historical anthropology of everyday life and popular culture in Finland, 1500-2000. As a spin-off from a career as a high school teacher, he has previously been a lecturer in didactics of history and social science in the Department of Teacher Education at the University of Helsinki, where he also still regularly visits.
Scandinavian Homosexualities:
Essays on Gay and Lesbian Studies
CONTENTS
Ken Plummer
Jan Lfstrm, PhD
Jonas Liliequist, PhD
Jan Lfstrm, PhD
Arne Nilsson, PhD
Antu Sorainen, MA
Henning Bech, PhD
Mark Graham, MLitt
Martti Lahti, PhD (cand.)
Rune Halvorsen, MSocSc
Karin Ltzen
Nordic culture-stretching through Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Finland, and Iceland-has long been renowned for a more benign and humane approach to sexual diversities. All are countries where the polarization between the genders seems less extreme; where there has often been a historical silence on homosexuality; where decriminalization of homosexual acts occurred very early compared to most of Europe and North America; and where their ways of dealing with minorities of all kinds seems more assimiliationist and accommodating than many other Western cultures. Not all is well, as some of these articles show, and there may often be a mere tolerance. But the tone of the these cultures is significantly more positive to homosexuality than elsewhere in the world.
And yet, being relatively low in population-the largest, Sweden, has only 8 million; the smallest, Iceland, approaches a mere half a million people-they are small cultures where the scale of talk and institutionalization of homosexuality found in the Anglo-American world can hardly be mirrored. So here we have a paradox. These are cultures where lesbian and gay lives may seem relatively invisible when compared to the much publicized North American scene, but they are also cultures where such relations can be seen as well developed; where the legal situation is more progressive (Norway is usually regarded as the first country to have an antidiscrimination law, in the early 1980s); and where new forms of experimental relationship-such as registered partnershipsseem to have been accepted so much earlier and easier than elsewhere.
This timely and important volume will hopefully provide an opportunity for the Anglo-American world to hear something about the developments in Nordic culture. It is clear in these essays, for instance, that Nordic scholars are very familiar with the debates that take place in the USA or Britain. But as Jan Lfstrm says in his introduction, these ideas do not fit in very nicely with Nordic realities (and) do not respond to Nordic experiences. In these globalizing times, it is important for these different experiences to be heard. What is conspicuously absent from any of the discussions here is the sense of any widespread, intensely strong gay communities of the kinds found in large cities in North America. Stockholm, probably the biggest city, seems to be able to develop no more than four or five bars; and in many Nordic cities, a gay community seems almost entirely absent. Gay relations there are; but gay communities are more debatable.
So what then is on offer here? There are contributions from most of the Nordic cultures-only Iceland is missing. Many of the major social sciences and literary disciplines are also represented: history, sociology, the new social geography, discourse analysis, cultural studies. And the topics covered give some idea of the range of the emerging new lesbian and gay studies in Nordic Culture. For the reader who is wholly unfamiliar with Nordic cultures, I must signpost the clear and important introduction by Jan Lfstrm, which sets the scene and helps the reader understand some of the significant differences.
The selection of articles divides into two. A first section is largely historical. Thus, Jonas Liliequist analyzes the evolution of state policy and legislation around homosexuality in Sweden, noting how relatively little activity or surveillance took place; whilst Jan Lfstrm-in one of the few articles to discuss women-considers why women/lesbians were criminalized in Finland, partly because gender distinctions were less polarized. This is followed by an oral history investigation into the ways in which public sex was organized in Gothenburg (Sweden's second largest city) during the earlier decades of this century. This study is one of a growing number which sees homosexuality not so much as a feature of individuals as a product of very definite social arrangements. Citing Henning Bech, the argument is that when trying to identify the particular characteristics and causes of the modern homosexual, the appropriate primary object of one's study might be neither genes, hormones and chromosomes, nor categories, discourses and meanings, but railway stations, opera houses, discotheques and consulting rooms. A welcome return to the material world is, hence, made in this intriguing contribution by Arne Nilsson. The final article in this section, by Antu Sorainen, looks at the legal process in Finland in the 1950s, highlighting the ways in which the law serves to construct women and women's sexuality.