State, Society and the Environment in South Asia
NORDIC INSTITUTE OF ASIAN STUDIES
Man & Nature in Asia
Series Editor: Arne Kalland
Senior Research Associate, Centre for Development and the Environment, University of Oslo
The implication that environmental degradation has only occurred in Asia as a product of Westernization ignores the fact that Asia, too, has degradation and disaster in its history. The principal aim of this series, then, is to encourage critical research into the humannature relationship in Asia. The series multidisciplinary approach invites studies in a number of topics: how people make a living from nature; their knowledge and perception of their natural environment and how this is reflected in their praxis; indigenous systems of resource management; environmental problems, movements and campaigns; and many more.
The series will be of particular interest to anthropologists, geographers, historians, political scientists and sociologists as well as to policy-makers and those interested in development and environmental issues in Asia.
Recent Titles
Japanese Images of Nature: Cultural Perspectives
Pamela J. Asquith and Arne Kalland (eds)
Environmental Challenges in South-East Asia
Victor T. King (ed.)
Environmental Movements in Asia
Arne Kalland and Gerard Persoon (eds)
State, Society and the Environment in South Asia
Stig Toft Madsen (ed.)
State, Society and the Environment in South Asia
Edited by
Stig Toft Madsen
Nordic Institute of Asian Studies
Man & Nature in Asia Series, No. 3
First published in 1999
by Curzon Press
Published 2013 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY, 10017, USA
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Typesetting by the Nordic Institute of Asian Studies
Nordic Institute of Asian Studies 1999
While copyright in the volume as a whole is vested in the Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, copyright in the individual papers belongs to their authors. No paper may be reproduced in whole or part without the express permission of author, publisher and editor(s).
British Library Catalogue in Publication Data
State, society and the environment in South Asia. - (Man & nature in Asia ; no. 3)
1.Economic Development - Environmental aspects - South Asia
2.Natural resources - South Asia - Management
3.Environmental degradation - South Asia
I.Madsen, Stig Toft
333.70954
ISBN 13: 978-0-700-70614-3 (hbk)
Contents
Stig Toft Madsen
Ann Grodzins Gold
Tor Aase
Pernille Gooch
Hakan Tropp
Petter Lindstad
Rabindra Nath Chakraborty
Are J. Knudsen
David Gilmartin
Staffan Lindberg
Ronald Herring
Tables
Metaphorization of land allocation
Structural asymmetries between Indian rural rich and poor
Mechanisms of environmental degradation
Legal classification of forests in Pakistan
Reduction in forest cover
Maps
The northern areas of Pakistan
Sai catchment area
Topography of the Sai catchment area
Proposed Rajaji National Park
North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan
Figures
Shina land types
Water discharge (cu ft/sec) in Sai Nalah
This book is the outcome of the conference Rural and Urban Environments in South Asia organized by the Nordic Association for South Asian Studies (NASA) in Oslo from 18 to 22 May 1995. The book has been edited by Stig Toft Madsen in consultation with Sidsel Hansson, editorial assistant, and Pamela G. Price, the convener of the conference.
We would like to thank the following for supporting the conference and this publication: the Department of History, University of Oslo; the Norwegian Research Council; the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD); the Nordic Academy for Advanced Study (NORFA); the Danish Council for Development Research; the Swedish Agency for Research Cooperation with Developing Countries (SAREC); the Centre for Development Research (CDR), Copenhagen; and the Nordic Institute of Asian Studies (NIAS), Copenhagen. Finally, we would like to thank the participants of the conference, including the authors of the articles appearing in this volume, the copyeditor Sandra Jones and the editorial staff at NIAS.
Stig Toft Madsen
Tor Halfdan Aase PhD in anthropology, professor, Department of Geography, University of Bergen, Norway.
Rabindra Nath Chakraborty Economist working as a research staff member at the German Development Institute, Berlin, Germany.
David Gilmartin Professor of history, North Carolina State University.
Ann Grodzins Gold PhD in anthropology, professor of religion at Syracuse University, New York, USA.
Pernille Gooch PhD in social anthropology, lecturer and researcher at the Department of Human Ecology, University of Lund, Sweden.
Ronald Herring Professor in the fields of international relations and government; director, The Mario Einaudi Center for International Studies, Cornell University, New York, USA.
Are J. Knudsen Social anthropologist, research fellow and PhD student, Chr. Michelsen Institute, Bergen, Norway.
Staffan Lindberg Professor of sociology, University of Lund, Sweden.
Petter Lindstad Masters degree in social geography, senior executive officer at Oslo College, Faculty of Fine Arts and Drama.
Stig Toft Madsen Research associate at NIAS (the Nordic Institute of Asian Studies), Copenhagen, Denmark.
Hkan Tropp Political scientist, PhD student at the Department of Water and Environmental Studies, Linkping University, Sweden.
AIADMK | All-India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazagam |
BHC | an insecticide similar to DDT |
CBO | Community-Based Organization |
CE | Civic Exnora |
CFM-PA | Community Forest Management in Protected Areas |
CITES | Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Flora and Fauna |
CPI | Communist Party of India |
CPR | Common Property Resource |
crore | Indian word for the amount 10,000,000 |
CSE | Centre for Science and Environment |
cum | cubic meter |
DFO | Divisional Forest Officer |
DMK | Dravida Munnetra Kazagam |
FAO | Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN |
FATA | Federally Administered Tribal Areas |
FCS | |