Yehoshafat Harkabi - October Earthquake: Yom Kippur 1973
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October Earthquake presents a chronological account of the days surrounding the Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur) War, along with the significant military and political events of each day of the conflict. Zeev Schiffs comments on Israels exaggerated self-confidence, the hopelessness of Israeli leadership, the intelligence failure, the concept of the Bar Lev Line, the role of the air force, and the preparedness of the Arab army are interspersed throughout.Rather than judging and awarding grades to the parties involved in the war, this work bases itself on authentic source materials, such as recordings of command discussions during the battles, and documents. Many of the details included are not found elsewhere. The author skillfully weaves the recollections and accounts of many participants and commentators into a coherent narrative that brings to life the wars events.Although written largely from the perspective of Israelis, October Earthquake reviews political, diplomatic, and military events in Egypt that set the stage for the war. In the postscript, Schiff also explores key lessons for Israel from the Yom Kippur War, which ended its sense of invincibility and complacency, despite Israels impressive victories on the battlefield. Winner of the Sokolov Prize, Israels highest journalism award, this book should be read by all foreign policy specialists, historians, and anyone interested in the Middle East.
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October Earthquake
October Earthquake
Yom Kirrur 1973
Originally published in 1974 by University Publishing Projects, Ltd.
Published 2013 by Transaction Publishers
Published 2017 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Catalog Number: 2012022290
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Schiff, Zeev, 1933-2007.
[Reidat adamah be-Oktober. English]
October earthquake : Yom Kippur 1973 / Zeev Schiff.
p. cm.
Originally published in 1974 by University Publishing Projects, Ltd.
ISBN 978-0-87855-244-3
1. Israel-Arab War, 1973. I. Title.
DS128.1.S3413 2012
956.048--dc23
2012022290
ISBN 13: 978-1-4128-4984-5 (pbk)
ISBN 13: 978-0-87855-244-3 (hbk)
Code Map of the Suez Canal Crossing Area
Contents
INTRODUCTION
Years will pass before all the facts about the Day of Atonement will be known. And even then the truth will be only one side of coin. The other side can be exposed only when the Arabs choose to open their files. No account of the war can, therefore, be complete.
The problem is made more complex since leaders and generals are cadi presenting their own truths. Some now claim that they saw shape of things to come. Others have armed themselves with the wisdom of hindsight, which must be at the expense of fellow actors in the drama. The shock of war often prevented the keeping of accurate command diaries. Therefore, when I began to collect the facts and the details, I was faced with irreconcilable contradictions an Israeli Rashomon played out by senior officers.
Nevertheless, I do not believe that journalists have the right to the men appointed to conduct Israels wars. The Press, with few exceptions, spoke the same language as the Israel Defense Forces and the Defense Ministry. Up to the summer of 1972, I felt that another war between Israel and her neighbors was inevitable. But, in 1973, following Sadats postponement of war and the Russian exodus from Egypt, I was infected by the optimism prevalent in the IDF. The bug stayed with me until the Defense Ministers declaration, in summer 1973, that no major war was to be expected m the coming decade, and Israels borders would stay unchanged Airing that period. I then wrote: Anyone who believes that the present stalemate will long continue is both mistaken and Misleading. In the present situation of military and diplomatic stalemate, it seems that a new war is inevitable.
I have, as much as possible, avoided judging and awarding grades That duty must be left to the historians. They will be able evaluate the facts in a wider context, free of personal emotions. I tried in so far as it was possible to base myself on authentic material; recordings of command discussions during the battles, and documents. Some of these details are published here for the first time. Many others served as background, but could not be published far obvious security reasons.
Earthquake in October does not have any star heroes. Through the men mentioned by name in this book, I have attempted to present the items that seem important to me. What happened to them, on the battlefield, in the quartermasters stores, in the command postshappened to many others. In collecting the facts, I was assisted by cabinet ministers, senior officers and soldiers. I am grateful to all of them.
The daily diary does not pretend to tell all that happened. On each day, I have chosen the events that I saw as most important. Wars and battles do not stop at midnight, to begin again one minute later and so, I have allowed actions to cross the calendar barrier rather than interrupt continuity for the reader.
One last word for the English-language reader: The war of October 1973 has been variously called The Day of Judgment, The Day of Atonement, Yom Kippur, Ramadan and simply The October War. I have elected not to inflict my choice on history, and so the titles that appear in these pages are governed solely by the needs of the text.
Zeev Schiff
ZeeTel Aviv, September 1974.
September 21, 1973
Presidents Weekend
After a tiring weeks work, Egyptian President Anwar Sadat, following morning prayers in his favorite mosque, left with his wife for a weekend at his summer house in Alexandria. Sadat has good reason to rest. His war plans are already complete. Now, he worries only about their implementation and there is room for anxiety. Sadat is well aware that many plans have failed in the past, and many trusted friends were a source of disappointment. He knows his fate is now in the balance. He promised the year of decision in 1971. In 1972, he vowed that by the next birthday of the Prophet Mohammed he would push Israel back from the conquered territories. Broken promises imply military revolution, but military failures invite the same fate.
Towards evening, as the sun sets, Sadat receives the editor of el Aharam, Hassanein Heikal, in audience. The meeting takes place on a large balcony overlooking the sea. Sadats relationship with Hassanein Heikal has always been accompanied by mixed feelings, and his present unease plays its own part. He reveals in deepest confidence that the expected war will take place very soon, and tells Heikal that the Egyptian General Staff have code-named the operation The Spark el Shrara.
Israel is used to Sadats revenge weeks. So nobody pays any atention to a report in todays Lebanese paper el-Nahar, known for its connections with the fedayin leaders: Cairo has informed a Palestinian personality that Egypt will shortly embark on an extensive military operation, with the purpose of generating American pressure on Israel.
September 26, 1973
Holiday I
The eve of the Jewish New Year a short work day, when office and industrial employees finish before noon, and rush home for the beginning of the festival. The roads are packed with traffic. The festival falls before a Saturday, and this means three straight days of holiday. Crowds go off on picnics and rambles. Defense Minister Moshe Dayan decides to spend this of all days on an inspection of the Golan Heights. He asks the Air Force for a helicopter, and sets off northwards to the Syrian border. Something bothers the Defense Minister of Israel.
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