Eddie Michel - The White House and White Africa: Presidential Policy Toward Rhodesia During the UDI Era, 1965-1979

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An invaluable narrative of the contrasting approaches of a series of White House administrations on the Rhodesian question, caught as they were between often conflicting international and domestic imperatives, including geopolitical concerns, economic interests, race relations and the rise of Human Rights An indispensable account of U.S. policy towards Africa during the Cold War era.

Dr. Thula Simpson, author of Umkhonto we Sizwe: The ANCs Armed Struggle

The White House and White Africa is a welcome addition to the flourishing literature on the history of Rhodesias Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI). Eddie Michels analysis of presidential decision-making highlights one of the key determinants of Rhodesias varying fortunes during the UDI period.

Dr. Carl Peter Watts, author of Rhodesias Unilateral Declaration of Independence: An International History

The White House and White Africa

This book offers an insightful analysis of presidential policy towards Rhodesia during the UDI era of 19651979. Michel provides an informative account of the stance adopted by the differing presidential administrations towards Salisbury and highlights the shifting alignment of the global and domestic dynamics that shaped decision-making. The book also explores the complex relationship between pragmatism and morality in formulating policy, and Michel considers intriguing questions over the competing visions within Washington of what constituted pragmatism or morality during the era of decolonization.

Eddie Michel is a Research Fellow in the Department of Historical and Heritage Studies at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.

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The White House and White Africa

Presidential Policy Towards Rhodesia During the UDI Era, 19651979

Eddie Michel

For more information about this series, please visit: www.routledge.com/Routledge-Advances-in-American-History/book-series/RAAH

The White House and White Africa

Presidential Policy Toward Rhodesia During the UDI Era, 19651979

Eddie Michel

First published 2019

by Routledge

711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017

and by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

2019 Taylor & Francis

The right of Eddie Michel to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book has been requested

ISBN: 978-1-138-31999-8 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-429-45363-2 (ebk)

Typeset in Sabon
by Apex CoVantage, LLC

Contents

1. i
2. ii
3. iii
4. iv

April, 1964 Ian Smith became prime minister of Rhodesia following the resignation of Winston Field.

July 2, 1964 Civil Rights Act (United States).

October, 1964 Harold Wilson became prime minister following the victory of the Labour Party in the British election.

August 6, 1965 Voting Rights Act (United States).

October, 1965 Talks between Smith and Wilson in London and Salisbury.

November 11, 1965 Rhodesian Government signed a Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) from Britain.

November 12, 1965 United Nations Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 216 denounced the UDI. United States imposed a comprehensive arms embargo on Salisbury, suspended loans, credit and investment guarantees and withdrew diplomatic recognition of Rhodesian personnel at the British Embassy in Washington.

November, 1965 United States imposed a sugar embargo on Rhodesia.

December, 1966 Washington supported British oil embargo on Rhodesia.

January, 1966 to April, 1966 U.S. participation in the Zambian airlift.

February 4, 1966 Rhodesian Information Office (RIO) registered in Washington.

December, 1966 Failure of talks between Smith and Wilson on HMS Tiger.

December 16, 1966 UNSC Resolution 232 imposed selective mandatory sanctions on Rhodesia.

January 5, 1967 Executive Order 11322 enacted UNSC Resolution 232 into U.S. law.

March 6, 1968 Salisbury hangings.

May 29, 1968 UNSC Resolution 253 imposed comprehensive mandatory sanctions on Rhodesia.

July 29, 1968 Executive Order 11322 enacted UNSC Resolution 253 into U.S. law.

November, 1968 Failure of talks between Smith and Wilson on HMS Fearless.

January 20, 1969 Richard M. Nixon inaugurated as U.S. president.

January 28, 1970 National Security Decision Memorandum (NSDM) 38 moved the United States towards a policy of closer ties with the White Redoubt.

March 2, 1970 Rhodesia becomes a republic thereby severing its last ties to London.

March 9, 1970 Closure of U.S. Consulate in Salisbury.

September 18, 1970 Union Carbide granted a hardship exemption to import 150,000 tons of Rhodesian chrome ore into the United States.

November 17, 1971 Nixon signed the Military Procurement Act. Section 503 (Byrd Amendment) authorized the importation of 72 strategic and critical minerals into the United States from Rhodesia.

November 21, 1971 Smith-Home Agreement signed by the British and Rhodesian Governments.

May, 1972 Pearce Commissions report on failure of the test of acceptability led to the breakdown of the Smith-Home Agreement.

April, 25, 1974 The Carnation Revolution overthrew the Portuguese Government.

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