Susan R. Grayzel - Women and the First World War

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Women and the First World War

SEMINAR STUDIES

IN HISTORY

Women and the First World War

SUSAN R. GRAYZEL

First published 2002 by Pearson Education Limited

Published 2013 by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 2002, Taylor & Francis.

The right of Susan R. Grayzel to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notices

Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.

Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.

To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.

ISBN 13: 978-0-582-41876-9 (pbk)

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A CIP catalogue record for this book can be obtained from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

A CIP catalog record for this book can be obtained from the Library of Congress

Typeset by 7 in 10/12 Sabon Roman

This book is for my daughters: Sarah, Rebecca and Miranda.

May they help to promote peace and justice in our war-torn world.

CONTENTS

Such is the pace of historical enquiry in the modern world that there is an ever-widening gap between the specialist article or monograph, incorporating the results of current research, and general surveys, which inevitably become out of date. Seminar Studies in History is designed to bridge this gap. The series was founded by Patrick Richardson in 1966 and his aim was to cover major themes in British, European and World history. Between 1980 and 1996 Roger Lockyer continued his work, before handing the editorship over to Clive Emsley and Gordon Martel. Clive Emsley is Professor of History at the Open University, while Gordon Martel is Professor of International History at the University of Northern British Columbia, Canada, and Senior Research Fellow at De Montfort University.

All the books are written by experts in their field who are not only familiar with the latest research but have often contributed to it. They are frequently revised, in order to take account of new information and interpretations. They provide a selection of documents to illustrate major themes and provoke discussion, and also a guide to further reading. The aim of Seminar Studies in History is to clarify complex issues without over-simplifying them, and to stimulate readers into deepening their knowledge and understanding of major themes and topics.

The research and writing of this book was aided by a Faculty Small Research Grant and a Liberal Arts Summer Research Grant from the University of Mississippi. As my book is a work of synthesis as well as analysis, I am indebted to many scholars, too numerous to acknowledge here, whose work may be found in the bibliography. Among those whose direct assistance has been most valuable, I would like to thank Gordon Martel; the staff of the Interlibrary Loan Office of the J.D. Williams Library, University of Mississippi; staff at the Imperial War Museum, London; Fara Shook, Debbie Townsend, and Rachael Pailet for the extraordinary care they have given my children; Deborah Cohen for her invaluable comments; and Joe Ward for making its writing and my life better.

We are grateful to the following for permission to reproduce copyright material:

The literary executors of Vera Brittain for her poem The Superfluous Woman published in Verses of a VAD; Coopers Square Press for extracts from With the Armies of the Tsar: A Nurse at the Russian Front in War and Revolution 19141918 by Florence Farmborough; HMSO for the table on Wartime birth rates for Great Britain published in the Annual Report of the Registrar General for England and Wales, for Scotland, for Ireland and for Northern Ireland Crown Copyright; and Presses Universitaires de France for the table on wartime birth rates in France published in La Population de la France Pendant la Guerre by Michel Huber Presses Universitaires de France.

In some cases we have been unable to trace the owners of copyright material and we would appreciate any information that would enable us to do so.

This chronology of the First World War highlights events of special significance to women.

1914
28 June	Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand and his wife, Sophia, in Sarajevo by Serb nationalist Gavrilo Princip.
5 July	5,000 French women demonstrate in Paris for womens suffrage.
28 July	Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia.
31 July	French Socialist leader Jean Jaurs is assassinated.
1 August	Germany declares war on Russia.
3 August	Germany declares war on France, and sends troops through Belgium. Italy declares its neutrality.
4 August	Britain declares war on Germany. Millicent Fawcett, leader of the NUWSS, and others address a womens peace meeting in London.
5 August	Clara Zetkin, a German socialist feminist, calls for proletarian women to resist war.
6 August	Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia. Serbia declares war on Germany.
8 August	Britain passes the Defence of the Realm Act (DORA), which is revised throughout the war, and initiates censorship.
10 August	Britain and France declare war on Austria-Hungary. Suffragettes imprisoned in Britain are offered an amnesty.
11 August	Austria-Hungary invades Serbia.
30 August	First bombing of Paris by German aeroplanes.
512 September	First Battle of the Marne ends the German advance and starts trench warfare.
Late September

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