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Georgina Holmes - Women and War in Rwanda: Gender, Media and the Representation of Genocide

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Georgina Holmes Women and War in Rwanda: Gender, Media and the Representation of Genocide
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Women and War in Rwanda: Gender, Media and the Representation of Genocide: summary, description and annotation

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The 1994 genocide in Rwanda, which followed the death of President Habyarimana, was one of the worst humanitarian disasters of the twentieth century and shamed both African and global leaderships. As wars in the Congo continue to tear apart the region, this book examines how the politics that led to the 1994 genocide continue to be played out in the international media. Scholars of political science contend that narratives are used strategically by states to influence and shape the behaviour of other actors in the international system. This book explore how, through processes of denial and revisionism, strong states with geopolitical interests in the Great Lakes region of Africa, African states directly involved in conflict, militia groups and rebels, as well as human rights activists and NGOs, all employ media narratives strategically with the aim of influencing political decision-making and public perceptions of genocide and war.Examining how international political discourse on the 1994 genocide in Rwanda is gendered, Georgina Holmes argues that states, militaries and human rights organisations use gendered narratives for political gain, and breaks new ground in analysing the role of gender in the conflict. This book is essential reading on the gendered dynamics of conflict and genocide in Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo and will appeal to anyone with an interest in Gender Studies, Political Communication, Media and Film Studies, African Studies, Genocide Studies and International Relations.--Bloomsbury publishing.

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Georgina Holmes holds a PhD in International Relations from the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), and a JD specialising in public relations. She is a Lecturer in International Relations at the University of Portsmouth and an Honorary Research Associate in the Department of Politics and International Relations at Royal Holloway, University of London.
In memory of my grandmother Peggy Holmes
CONTENTS Rwandan women in high politics President Paul Kagame walks with - photo 1
CONTENTS
: Rwandan women in high politics: President Paul Kagame walks with aide Rose Kabuye on 7 November 2008 during an emergency summit in Nairobi aimed at restoring stability in the conflict-torn eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. A colonel in the Rwandan Patriotic Front who fought on the front line, Kabuye was appointed City Mayor of Kigali in 1994 before becoming a member of the Rwandan Parliament, serving as Chairperson of the Defence and Security Committee in 1998. In 2003, at the height of the second Congo war, Kabuye became the Presidents Chief of State Protocol, advising government officials on matters of national and international protocol.
: A woman holds a placard during a demonstration on 19 November 2008 in Kigali protesting the arrest of Rwandan presidential aide Rose Kabuye in Germany on 9 November and her subsequent extradition to Paris, France. A French court charged Kabuye with complicity in murder in relation to terrorism, on suspicion that she was connected to the political assassination of former Rwandan president Juvnal Habyarimana. At the time, Rwanda pressed for a hasty trial in France. The case was dropped when a key witness retracted his statement.
: By 1994, there were some 20 Hutu extremist magazines and newspapers in circulation in Rwanda, of which Kangura was the most renowned. Tutsi women were presented as sexualized military operators, working for the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF). Pro-democratic Hutu women who refused to conform to the ideals of a pure Hutu state were also dehumanized. A very public ridiculing of UN peacekeeping (UNAMIR) troops formed part of the strategy of Hutu extremist politicians to derail the peace process and hamper the Rwandan populations efforts to bring about genuine democracy.
: Gendered discourses and narratives about rape and genocide have been central to conflicts in the Great Lakes region since before the 1994 genocide in Rwanda. In the early 1990s Hutu extremist propaganda magazines such as Kamarampaka were keen to instil fear in Rwandan populations by mediatizing the genocide of Hutu. These narratives were appropriated by political actors in Rwanda and the DRC and by militia groups such as the Forces Dmocratiques de Libration du Rwanda (FDLR) and the Congrs National pour la Dfense du Peuple (CNDP), throughout the two Congo wars (19972010).
: A campaign flyer distributed in an edition of The Observer in the summer of 2009. At the time, Amnesty International attempted to raise awareness among its British audience that the problem of rape in the east of Congo was not simply a by-product of war, but a military strategy.
: Spanish photojournalist Cdric Grbehaye took this image of dissident general Laurent Nkunda at the CNDP headquarters in Masisi hills, North-Kivu in July 2007. At the time, Grbehaye believed Nkunda was performing in front of the camera, using the international media to heighten his notoriety and position himself as a threat to Congolese president Joseph Kabila.
Without the advice and help of the following people this book would not have been possible, and I thank them for their support: Neil Lazarus, Terry Lovell, Christine Sylvester, Lindiwe Dovey, Mark Hobart, Deniz Kandiyoti, Zoe Marriage, Jack Spence, Christine Kenyon-Jones, Henry Theriault, Nazneen Ahmed, Aurora Tellenbach, Shirley Randell, Gabi Gabiro, Janne Gundersen, Phil Green, Donald Lickley and Ronnie and John Howard. Special thanks go to the people I interviewed for the time they spent discussing their experiences of (reporting) war and genocide in Rwanda and the east of Congo. Thanks also go to the researchers at the BBC Archive, the British Film Institute and Centre IWACU in Rwanda, Tomasz Hoskins at I.B Tauris, and the anonymous reviewers of this book. I am particularly indebted to Stephen Chan, Linda Melvern, Philip Bohrer and my family.
Georgina Holmes, London
January 2013
ABCAustralian Broadcasting Corporation
AFDLAlliance des Forces Dmocratiques pour la Libration du Congo-Zaire
AFPAgence France-Presse
ALiRArme pour la Libration du Rwanda
AUAfrican Union
AVEGAAssociation des Veuves du Genocide
BBCBritish Broadcasting Corporation
BBTGBroad-Based Transitional Government
CDRCoalition pour la Dfense de la Rpublique
CEDAWCommittee on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
CEPGLEconomic Community of the Great Lakes Countries
CNDPCongrs National pour la Dfense du Peuple
DFIDDepartment for International Development
DRCDemocratic Republic of Congo
EACEast African Community
EUEuropean Union
Ex-FARex-Forces Armes Rwandaises
FARForces Armes Rwandaises
FARDCForces Armes de la Rpublique Dmocratique du Congo
FAWEForum for African Women Educationalists
FDLRForces Dmocratiques de Libration du Rwanda
GDPGross Domestic Product
HAGURUKAAssociation for the Defence of Women and Childrens Rights
HRWHuman Rights Watch
ICCInternational Criminal Court
ICCPRInternational Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
ICRCInternational Committee of the Red Cross
ICTRInternational Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
IDPInternally Displaced People
IMFInternational Monetary Fund
IRInternational Relations
LIPRODHORLigue Rwandaise pour la promotion et la dfense des droits de lhomme
LRALords Resistance Army
MDRMouvement Dmocratique Rpublicain
MIGEPROFMinistry of Gender and Family Promotion
MLCMouvement de Libration du Congo
MONUCUnited Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
MONUSCOOrganization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
MRNDMouvement Rvolutionnaire National pour le Dveloppement/Mouvement Rpublicain National pour la Dmocratie et le Dveloppement
MSFMdecins Sans Frontires
MSMMouvement Social Muhutu
NGONon-governmental organization
NRANational Resistance Army
OAUOrganization of African Unity
ORINFOROffice Rwandais dInformation
PARECOPatriotes Resistants Congolais
PARMEHUTUParti du Mouvement de lEmancipation Hutu
PLParti Libral
PSDPartie Social Dmocrate
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