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Arnold R. Alanen - Main Street Ready-Made: The New Deal Community of Greendale, Wisconsin

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Arnold R. Alanen Main Street Ready-Made: The New Deal Community of Greendale, Wisconsin
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Main Street Ready-Made: The New Deal Community of Greendale, Wisconsin: summary, description and annotation

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The dream of the suburb is an old one in America. For more than a century, city dwellers have sought to escape the crowding and pollution of industrial centers for the quiet streets and green spaces on their fringes. In the 1930s, that dream inspired the largest migration of Americans in the twentieth century and led to the creation of Greendale, Wisconsin, one of three planned communities initially begun to resettle the rural poor hit hard by the Great Depression. This idea, though, quickly developed into a plan to revitalize cities and stabilize farming communities around the nation. The result was three greenbelt towns built from scratch, expressly for working-class families and within easy commuting distance of urban employment. Greendale, completed in 1938, was consciously designed as a midwestern town in both its physical character and social organization, where ordinary citizens could live in a safe, attractive, economical community that was in harmony with the surrounding farmland.

Main Street Ready-Made examines Greendale as an outgrowth of public policy, an experiment in social engineering, and an organic community that eventually evolved to embrace a huge shopping mall, condominiums, and expensive homes while still preserving much of the architecture and ambiance of the original village. A snapshot of 1930s idealism and ingenuity, Main Street Ready-Made makes a significant contribution to the history of cities, suburbs, and social planning in mid-century America.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS THIS study could not have been completed without the generous - photo 1
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

THIS study could not have been completed without the generous assistance of several individuals, agencies, and organizations. The College of Agricultural and Life Sciences at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, played the key role in getting the study underway when they awarded a U.S. Department of Agriculture (Hatch) grant to Arnold R. Alanen for the assessment of various planned and resource communities in the Upper Midwest. The grant made it possible to begin the archival investigation that provided the basis for this volume, and to undertake a survey of Greendale residents and thereby determine their evaluations of various community features. More recently, the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences provided further support to cover the costs for cartography and photographic duplication. Additional funding from the Graduate School of the University of Wisconsin, Madison, allowed us to complete the archival work, as did the assistance provided while Professor Alanen was a National Fellow (19801983) of the W. K. Kellogg Foundation.

A special challenge that must be met in studying a greenbelt town stems from the many changes in ownership and legal status that each town has undergone. Although this study has confined itself to one of the three completed projects, it was, nonetheless, necessary to use several major archival holdings, primarily in Greendale and Milwaukee, Wisconsin; in Washington, D.C.; and in Lexington, Kentucky. The assistance of specialists, cordially rendered, at each of those repositories has been indispensable. The staffs to whom thanks must be given are those at the Greendale Village Library in Greendale; the Milwaukee County Historical Society Library in Milwaukee; the Natural Resources Branch and the Industrial and Social Branch of the Records Service of the National Archives and Records Administration in Washington, D.C.; the Special Collections Division of the University of Kentucky Library in Lexington; and the Morton Arboretum Archives in Lisle, Illinois. The newspaper microfilm collection of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin in Madison also was indispensable in providing insight to the daily progression of activities in Greendale.

Within Greendale itself, many people were most helpful in agreeing to help us with our efforts. Several of Greendale's original pioneers provided reminiscenses of their early years in the community, while Victor J. Jacoby reviewed those portions of the manuscript that discussed the years heserved on the Greendale Village Board (19581966). Patricia Goetsch, former president of the Greendale Historical Society, deserves special mention for the many photographs and personal memories she kindly supplied, and for providing us with inspiration to complete the project.

At the State Historical Society of Wisconsin it has been Paul Hass who assumed primary responsibility for guiding the manuscript through the publication process. Not only did he secure the comments of outside reviewers who supplied us with many useful suggestions for improving the original manuscript, but his many recommendations, from beginning to end, have made this a much more readable volume. We are also indebted to the Department of Landscape Architecture at the University of Wisconsin for providing the space and facilities to carry out this project; to Carol Ahlgren and Jacqueline Bettinger for their conscientious efforts in word processing the manuscript and its revisions; and to Frank E. Martin who helped to track down sources and to verify the references. Any errors of interpretation, of course, are the responsibility of the authors.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Archival and Special Collections

GREENDALE HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Greendale.

GREENDALE VILLAGE LIBRARY, Greendale.

Greendale Village Collection.

MILWAUKEE AREA RESEARCH CENTER (State Historical Society of Wisconsin), University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee.

Proceedings of the Greendale Village Board, 19381965.

MILWAUKEE COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Milwaukee.

Daniel W. Hoan Papers.

Charles B. Whitnall Papers.

MORTON ARBORETUM ARCHIVES, Lisle, Illinois.

Jens Jensen Papers.

NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ADMINISTRATION, Washington, D.C.

Record Group 96: Records of the Farmers Home Administration.

Record Group 196: Records of the General Field Office of the PHA Regarding Management and Disposition of Greentown Projects, 193661.

Record Group 196: Records of the Legal Division, Public Housing Administration, Regarding Management and Disposition of Greentown Projects, 193564.

Record Group 207: Records of the Department of Housing and Urban Development: Case Files Regarding the Resettlement Administration and Farm Security Administration.

SPECIAL COLLECTIONS, UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY LIBRARY, Lexington, Kentucky.

John S. Lansill Papers.

Theses

HACKBARTH, CLARENCE. Greendale: A Suburban Community Study. M.A. thesis. Madison: University of Wisconsin, 1958.

MARSHALL, DOUGLAS G. Greendale: A Study of a Resettlement Community. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Wisconsin, 1943.

OLSON, FREDERICK I. The Milwaukee Socialists, 18971941. Ph.D. dissertation. Harvard University, 1952.

Public Documents

Comey, Arthur C. and Max J. Wehrly. Planned Communities, Part 1 of Urban Planning and Land Policies; Volume 2 of the Supplementary Report of the Urbanism Committee to the National Resources Committee. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1939.

Holt, John. An Analysis of Methods and Criteria Used in Selecting Families for Colonization Projects, U.S. Department of Agriculture, The Farm Security Administration and the Bureau of Agricultural Economics Cooperating, Social Research Report No. I. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1937.

Federal Public Housing Administration. Proposed Provision Pertaining to Appropriation for National Housing Agency, Fiscal Year 1947. House Document 584, 79th Congress, 2nd session, 1946.

House Committee on Banking and Currency, Suburban Resettlement Projects: Hearings Before the Committee on Banking and Currency, House of Representatives on H.R. 2440, A Bill to Authorize the Public Housing Commissioner to Sell the Suburban Resettlement ProjectsKnown as Greenbelt, MD.; Greendale, Wis.: Greenhills, Ohio, Without Regard to Provisions of Law Requiring Competitive Bidding or Public Advertising. March 18 and 24, 1949, 81st Congress, 1st session, 1949.

Mayer, Albert. Greenbelt Towns Revisited. Washington, D.C.: Department of Housing and Urban Development, 1968.

Milwaukee County Park Commission and the Milwaukee County Regional Planning Department. Biennial Report, 19291930. Milwaukee: Court House, 1930.

Milwaukee County Park Commission and the Milwaukee County Regional Planning Department. Quadrennial Report, 19331936. Milwaukee: Court House, 1936.

U.S. Bureau of the Census. Sixteenth Census of the United States: 1940. Population and Housing: Family Tenure and Rent. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1943.

U.S. Bureau of the Census. Sixteenth Census of the United States: 1940. Population, Volume 2, Characteristics of the Population, Part 7, Wisconsin. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1943.

U.S. Bureau of the Census. Seventeenth Census of the United States: 1950. Population, Vol. 2, Characteristics of the Population, Part 49, Wisconsin. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1952.

U.S. Bureau of the Census. Eighteenth Census of the United States: 1960, Population, Vol. 2, Characteristics of the Population, Part 51, Wisconsin

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