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Smith - The Social Construction of Ancient Cities

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What made ancient cities successful What are the similarities between modern cities and ancient ones The Social Construction of Ancient Cities offers a fresh perspective on ancient cities and the social networks and relations that built and sustained them, marking a dramatic change in the way archaeologists approach them. Examining ancient cities from a bottom up perspective, the authors in this volume explore the ways in which cities were actually created by ordinary inhabitants. They track the development of urban space from the point of view of individuals and households, providing new insights into cities roles as social centers as well as focal points of political and economic activities. Analyzing various urban communities from residences and neighborhoods to marketplaces and ceremonial plazas, the authors examine urban centers in Africa, Mesoamerica, South America, Mesopotamia, the Indian subcontinent, and China. Collectively they demonstrate how complex networks of social relations and structures gave rise to the formation of ancient cities, contributed to their cohesion, and sustained their growth, much as they do in modern urban centers. The authors analyses draw from ancient texts as well as archaeological surveys and excavations of urban architecture and other material remains, including portable objects for daily use and comestibles. They show clearly how early urban dwellers consciously developed dense interdependent social networks to satisfy their needs for food, housing, and employment, forged their own urban identities, and generally managed to thrive in the crowded, bustling, and competitive environment that characterized ancient cities. Not least of all, they suggest how urban leaders and urban dwellers negotiated a consensus that enabled them to achieve both mundane and extraordinary goals, in the process establishing their unique ritual, legal, and social status.

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2003 2010 by the Smithsonian Institution All rights reserved Copy editor - photo 1
2003 2010 by the Smithsonian Institution All rights reserved Copy editor - photo 2

2003, 2010 by the Smithsonian Institution.
All rights reserved

Copy editor: Vicky Macintyre
Production editor: Duke Johns
Designer: Brian Barth

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The social construction of ancient cities /edited by Monica L. Smith.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
eISBN: 978-1-58834-344-4
1. Cities and towns, Ancient. 2. Civilization, Ancient. I. Smith, Monica L.
HT114.S635 2003
307.760901dc21

2002030436

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data available.

For permission to reproduce illustrations appearing in this book, please correspond directly with the owners of the works, as listed in the individual captions. Smithsonian Books does not retain reproduction rights for these illustrations individually, or maintain a file of addresses for photo sources.

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ONE Introduction The Social Construction of Ancient Cities MONICA L SMITH - photo 3
ONE Introduction: The Social Construction of Ancient Cities
MONICA L. SMITH
TWO Teotihuacan: Cosmic Glories and Mundane Needs
GEORGE L. COWGILL
THREE The Spatial Patterns of Everyday Life in Old Babylonian Neighborhoods
KATHRYN KEITH
FOUR Life behind Walls: Patterns in the Urban Landscape on the Prehistoric North Coast of Peru
JERRY D. MOORE
FIVE Early Urban Configurations on the Middle Niger: Clustered Cities and Landscapes of Power
RODERICK J. MCINTOSH AND SUSAN KEECH MCINTOSH
SIX Untangling the Ties that Bind: The City, the Countryside, and the Nature of Maya Urbanism at Xunantunich, Belize
JASON YAEGER
SEVEN Food Provisioning in Urban Societies: A View from Northern Mesopotamia
MELINDA A. ZEDER
EIGHT Cities as a Place of Ethnogenesis: Urban Growth and Centralization in the Chicama Valley, Peru
CHRISTOPHER J . ATTARIAN
NINE The Moral Community: Maya Settlement Transformation at Piedras Negras, Guatemala
STEPHEN HOUSTON, HCTOR ESCOBEDO, MARK CHILD, CHARLES GOLDEN, AND REN MUOZ
TEN Urban Social Transformations and the Problem of the First City: New Research from Mesopotamia
GEOFF EMBERLING
ELEVEN Early Walled Cities of the Indian Subcontinent as Small Worlds
MONICA L. SMITH
TWELVE Compromises and Conflicts: Production and Commerce in the Royal Cities of Eastern Zhou, China
CHEN SHEN
Teotihuacan in Mesoamerica Plans of two Teotihuacan apartment compounds Map of - photo 4

Teotihuacan in Mesoamerica

Plans of two Teotihuacan apartment compounds

Map of southern Mesopotamia

AH area of Ur

Location of Chan Chan and other sites discussed in text

Schematic plan of Chan Chan

Plan of Ciudadela Velarde, Chan Chan

Location of sites and regions, Middle Niger, West Africa

The Jenne-jeno urban complex

Alternate routes to clustering at the Jenne-jeno complex shown as a cladogram

Regional map of the Maya region

Regional map of Xunantunich

Map of Xunantunich

Map of San Lorenzo

Map of Khabur Basin

Proportions of domestic and wild fauna

Proportions of fauna, by type

The Chicama Valley with relevant sites located

Schematic of Site 128, Mocollope, showing the location of major architecture and the 1998 excavation units

Four hypotheses of urban migration and cultural change

Castillo Incised ceramic sherds from the Chicama Valley

Map of region around Piedras Negras

Cross section through Early Classic and Preclassic buildings and platforms, Pyramid R-3 and Platform R-32

Early Classic ruler, Altar 1, Piedras Negras

Kumche vessels found in collapse of the P-7 sweatbath

Map of the ancient Near East

Tell Brak from the southeast

Rendering of the Eye Temple on its platform with reconstructed site contours

Sites mentioned in text, with religious sites noted in italics

Forms of walled settlements in the Indian subcontinent

Map showing location of the Yan-Xiadu site and major states of the Warring-States period in northern China

City plan of the Yan-Xiadu site (sixth to third century B.C.)

Groupgrid matrix Expectations regarding spatial order and monuments Mound - photo 5

Group/grid matrix

Expectations regarding spatial order and monuments

Mound densities in the Xunantunich polity

Summary of material correlates of each hypothesis

Percentages of shape-element types

Percentages of pattern types

Attributes used in ceramic analysis of Castillo incised pottery

Covered floor space at Piedras Negras

Lots with Early Classic material

CHRISTOPHER J ATTARIAN Department of General Education Baker College of - photo 6
CHRISTOPHER J . ATTARIANDepartment of General Education Baker College of Owosso 1020 S. Washington St. Owosso, MI 48867
MARK CHILDDepartment of Anthropology Yale University P. O. Box 208277 New Haven, CT 06520-8277
GEORGE L. COWGILLDepartment of Anthropology Arizona State University Tempe, AZ 85287-2402
GEOFF EMBERLINGKelsey Museum of Archaeology University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1079 www.geoffe@umich.edu
HCTOR ESCOBEDO33 Avenida, 22-76 Zona 5, 01005 Guatemala City, Guatemala
CHARLES GOLDENDepartment of Anthropology Brandeis University 415 South Street Waltham, MA 02453 www.cgolden@brandeis.edu
STEPHEN D. HOUSTONDepartment of Anthropology Brown University 128 Hope Street Providence, RI 02912 www.Stephen Houston@brown.edu
KATHRYN KEITHDepartment of Anthropology Pierce College 1601 39th Ave. Southwest Puyallup, WA 98374 www.kkeith@pierce.ctc.edu
RODERICK J. MCINTOSHDepartment of Anthropology Yale University 10 Sachem Street New Haven, CT 06511
SUSAN KEECH MCINTOSHDepartment of Anthropology-MS 20 Rice University 6100 Main Street Houston, TX 77005-1892
JERRY D. MOOREDepartment of Anthropology CSU Dominguez Hills 1000 E. Victoria St. Carson, CA 90747
REN MUOZDepartment of Anthropology University of Arizona Tucson, AZ 85721-0030
CHEN SHENDepartment of World Culture Royal Ontario Museum 100 Queens Park Toronto, ON M5S 2C6
MONICA L. SMITHDepartment of Anthropology University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095
JASON YAEGERDepartment of Anthropology University of Texas San Antonio, TX 78249 jason.yaeger@utsa.edu
MELINDA A. ZEDERDepartment of Anthropology National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington, DC 20560
ONE
I n both ancient and modern cities the vast majority of urban dwellers are not - photo 7
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