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Routledge Revivals

Office Development

Originally published in 1985, this book examines the impact financial institutions have on the location of investment of vast resources, including office development. An analysis of their behaviour is crucial to an understanding of the 20th Century urban development process. This book documents some of the international activity of property investment. Some cities in the UK, USA and France are examined in detail to demonstrate the huge physical impact of this development process. The constraints on office development are also discussed. A recurring theme is the power of the supply side of the development industry in comparison with the relatively weak position of the office end-user.

Office Development A Geographical Analysis

Michael Bateman

First published in 1985
by Croom Helm Ltd

This edition first published in 2021 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10058

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

1985 Michael Bateman

The right of Michael Bateman to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Publishers Note
The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent.

Disclaimer
The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and welcomes correspondence from those they have been unable to contact.

ISBN 13: 978-1-032-00538-6 (hbk)
ISBN 13: 978-1-003-17462-2 (ebk)
ISBN 13: 978-1-032-00547-8 (pbk)

DOI: 10.4324/9781003174622

OFFICE DEVELOPMENT

Office Development A Geographical Analysis

Michael Bateman

1985 M. Baterman
Croom Helm Ltd, Provident House, Burrell Row,
Beckenham, Kent Br3 1AT
Croom Helm Australia Pty Ltd, First Floor,
139 King Street, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Bateman, M.
Office development: a geographical analysis.
1. OfficesLocation
I. Title
338.6042 HF5547.25
ISBN 0-7099-0697-8

Printed and bound in Great Britain
by Billing & Sons Limited, Worcester

CONTENTS

• List of Tables
• List of Figures
• Preface

1. OFFICE DEVELOPMENT - SOME INITIAL CONSIDERATIONS

• Geographical Analysis of the Office Development Process
• Development Cycles and Office Development
• Switches and Triggers
• Current Approach to an Analysis of Office Development

1. THE PROPERTY MARKET

• Property as an Investment
• Financial Institutions and Property Investment
• The Investors
• Recent Trends in the Property Market
• International Property Investment

1. CONTROL OF THE OFFICE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

• The Nature of Control Policies
• Office Control in the UK
• Control of Investment Finance

1. PHYSICAL IMPACT OF THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

• Spatial Impact of the Office Development Process
• Temporal Dimension of the Office Development Process
• Case Studies of Physical Impact of Office Development
• The Impact of the Process Summarised

1. OFFICE DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS AND PROBLEMS IN THE UK

• Geographical Pattern of the British Office Market
• Office Relocation
• The Impact of Relocation on the Office Market
• London - The General Situation
• London's South Bank
• An Assessment of Current Trends in the British Office Market

1. FRANCE - A CONTROLLED MARKET

• Special Conditions of the French Office Market
• Lack of a Provincial Office Market
• Regional Planning and Office Development in the Ile-de-France
• The Response of the Developers
• La Defense - A Detailed Appraisal
• Conclusion

1. NORTH AMERICAN OFFICE DEVELOPMENT

• Overseas Investment in the North American Property Market
• Recent Trends in Office Development
• New York - Manhattan and Suburbs
• Houston - Oil-Induced Boom and Decline
• Canadian Investment in US Office Property
• Office Development in Canada
• North America - some concluding comments

1. OFFICE DEVELOPMENT AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE

• The Technological Changes - The Nature of Information Technology
• The Reality of the New Technology
• Implications for the Office Development Industry

1. POLICY IMPLICATIONS

• Control of the Office Development Process
• The Need for an Awareness of the Process
• Awareness of Needs of Office Users
• The Need for Awareness of the Office Development Industry
• Public Sector and Private Sector Conflict
• Control Measures and the Development Cycle
• Policy Options
• Political Considerations
• Future Policy Directions
• Implications for Geographical Research

• BIBLIOGRAPHY
• INDEX

TABLES

• 1.1 Annual Rates of Return on Property Investment, 1976-83
• 2.1 Medium Rate of Return on Pooled Funds (% per annum)
• 2.2 Property Assets and Return on Values of Major British Retailing Organisations
• 2.3 Net Investment in Property by UK Institutions, 1976-82 (Em)
• 2.4 Investment by Major British Insurance Companies and Pension Funds in 1983
• 2.5 Property Unit Trusts with Holdings Valued in Excess of 1.0 million
• 2.6 Distribution of Property Holdings by British Property Companies, 1977-83
• 3.1 ODPs in Central Berkshire: Approved and Refused Floor Space
• 3.2 Mineworkers Pension Fund. Office Property Holdings
• 3.3 Property and Total Investments Overseas by British Companies, 1977-81
• 4.1 British Property Companies Office Developments reported in Brussels, 1972-73
• 4.2 Brussels Office Rents 1970-81
• 4.3 Hong Kong Office Development 1978-82
• 5.1 Distribution of Commercial Office Space in England 1982
• 5.2 Office Floor Space Increase in English Planning Regions, 1979-82
• 5.3 Percentage Distribution of Property Assets of Major Property Unit Trusts and Managed Funds by Sector and Location
• 5.4 Office Employment, in Manchester and the North West Region, 1961-71
• 5.5 Growth and Origin of Foreign Banking Interests in London 1960-82
• 5.6 Local Authorities with Office Floor Space over 150,000 Square Metres in which Growth in 1977-81 exceeded 25% 6.1 Major Centres of Office Employment in France
• 6.2 Population and Service Employment Growth in Paris Suburban Growth Poles 1968-75
• 6.3 Distribution of Newly Tenanted Office Space 1976-81
• 6.4 Office Stocks available in Ile-de-France region 1976-82

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