David H. McKay - Housing and Race in Industrial Society

ROUTLEDGE LIBRARY EDITIONS: RACISM AND FASCISM

Volume 7

Civil Rights and Urban Policy in Britain and the United States

DAVID H. MCKAY

First published in Great Britain in 1977 by Croom Helm Ltd

First published in the United States in 1977 by Rowman and Littlefield

Published in 2016 by Routledge

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1977 David H. McKay

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ISBN: 978-1-138-93422-1 (Set)

ISBN: 978-1-315-66966-3 (Set) (ebk)

ISBN: 978-1-138-94031-4 (Volume 7) (hbk)

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CIVIL RIGHTS AND URBAN POLICY IN BRITAIN AND THE UNITED STATES

DAVID H. McKAY

1977 David H. McKay

Croom Helm Ltd,

2-10 St Johns Road, London SW11

ISBN 0-856644854

First published in the United States 1977

by ROWMAN AND LITTLEFIELD, Totowa, N.J.

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

McKay, David H

Housing and race in industrial society.

Includes bibliographical references.

1. Discrimination in housing Great Britain.

2. Discrimination in housing United States. 3. Housing policy Great Britain. 4. Housing policy United States. I. Title

HD7333.A3M157301-54094176-57238

ISBN 0-87471-946-1

Printed in Great Britain by Biddles Ltd, Guildford, Surrey

Acknowledgements

Introduction

The Comparative Policy Context

Civil Rights and Private Sector Housing in the US

Civil Rights and Private Sector Housing in the UK

Subsidised Housing Policies and Race in the US

Public Housing Policies and Race in the UK

Conclusions

Index

2.1 1971 Census: Adults Belonging to Minority Groups by Country of Birth, UK

2.2 Mean Indices of Residential Segregation between Whites and Non-Whites, by Region, 109 Cities, US 1940 to 1970

2.3 Central City and Suburban Population by Race, US 19501970

2.4 Distribution of the Immigrant Population of England and Wales across Census Enumeration Districts, 1971

2.5 Comparison of Mean 10 per cent Cut-off Values of Selected Urban Deprivation Indicators, Great Britain Urban EDs, 1971

2.6 Tenure Status of Households in the US and UK, 1972

3.1 Black Attitudes towards Residential Integration, 19631969

3.2 White Attitudes towards Interracial Housing Contact, 1970

3.3 Housing Complaints Received per 100,000 Minority Population by Selected City Human Relations Commissions and by HUD in the City of Chicago

3.4 Relief for Complainants Under Title 8, January 1969July 1970

4.1 Residential Segregation of Birthplace Groups in Coventry on a Ward Basis 1971

4.2 Tenure West Indians, Asians and the General Population, 1971

4.3 Quality of Housing Four Summary Comparisons between Minorities and Whites, 1974

4.4 Discrimination by Private Landlords Belief and Experience 1974 and 1966-7

4.5 Source of Mortgage Whites and Minorities Compared, 1974

4.6 Housing Discrimination Complaints Disposed of by the Race Relations Board between 1 January 1971 and 31 December 1974

4.7 Housing Discrimination Investigations by the Race Relations Board, 1971-4

5.1 US Housing Starts, 19611973

5.2 Section 236 Units in Chicago: Location by Racial Composition of Community Area, 1972

6.1 Public Housing Households in the United States and the United Kingdom, by Income Distribution, 1972

6.2 Applications for Council Housing by Tenure Whites and Minorities Compared, 1974

6.3 The Route to Council Housing Asians, West Indians and Whites, 1974

6.4 GLC: Distribution of BPBNC by Type of Estate, 1971

The research for this book originated in a year spent at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, during 1970/71. At that time I was searching for a PhD thesis topic, and I can thank Murray Edelman, Matthew Holden, and especially Michael Kagay and Donald McCrone, for helping me find a topic and for providing intellectual and social succour during what was, I believe, Madisons coldest winter in living memory. My thesis was eventually entitled Race and Housing in the United States: A Study of Federal Power and the 1968 Civil Rights Act, and during the three years following my visit to Madison, I was fortunate to receive advice and help from Anthony Barker, Peter Eisinger, Hugh Heclo, Larry Johnston, Anthony King, John Lewis, David Robertson, Jack Walker and Harold Wolman. I must also thank the British SSRC, the University of Wisconsin and the American Council of Learned Societies for providing financial support for two visits to the US.

What was originally an interest in public policy gradually grew during these years into an interest in comparative urbanism and social policy, and it was a natural step for me to develop the thesis into a comparative study of race and housing in Britain and the United States especially given my perception that some important and disturbing parallels existed between the two countries. During this last phase of the research I owe thanks to Andrew Cox, Cecil Fudge, Valerie Karn, Richard Simeon, Adrian Sinfield, Peter Townsend, Robin Ward, and in particular to David Smith and Political and Economic Planning who provided valuable comments on draft chapters and permission to reproduce several tables from his recent surveys of racial disadvantage in Britain. I must also thank the numerous individuals on both sides of the Atlantic who subjected themselves to interview during the course of the research. Finally, thanks to June Palmer for exceptional secretarial help, and above all to my wife, Lynne McKay, for helping and encouraging me in every way possible over the years.

David McKay

October 1976