Paul Morland - Demographic Engineering: Population Strategies in Ethnic Conflict

This series provides an outlet for integrated and in-depth coverage of innovative research on population themes and techniques. International in scope, the books in the series will cover topics such as migration and mobility, advanced population projection techniques, microsimulation modeling, life course analysis, demographic estimation methods and relationship statistics.

The series will include research monographs, edited collections, advanced level textbooks and reference works on both methods and substantive topics. Key to the series is the presentation of knowledge founded on social science analysis of hard demographic facts based on censuses, surveys, vital and migration statistics.

Other titles in this series:

Minority Internal Migration in Europe
Edited by Nissa Finney and Gemma Catney
ISBN 978-1-4094-3188-6

Geographies of Ageing
Social Processes and the Spatial Unevenness of Population Ageing
Amanda Davies and Amity James
ISBN 978-1-4094-1776-7

Demography at the Edge
Remote Human Populations in Developed Nations
Edited by Dean Carson, Rasmus Ole Rasmussen, Prescott Ensign, Lee Huskey and Andrew Taylor
ISBN 978-0-7546-7962-2

Educational Opportunity
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PAUL MORLAND
Birkbeck, University of London, UK

First published 2014 by Ashgate Publishing

Published 2016 by Routledge

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711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA

Copyright Paul Morland 2014

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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Morland, Paul.

Demographic engineering : population strategies in ethnic conflict / by Paul Morland.

pages cm

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-4724-4164-5 (hardback) -- ISBN 978-1-4724-4165-2 (ebook) -- ISBN 978-1-4724-4166-9 (epub) 1. Ethnic groups--Political activity. 2. Ethnic relations--Political aspects. 3. Ethnic conflict--Political aspects--Case studies. 4. Conflict management--Political aspects--Case studies. 5. Forced migration. 6. Population transfers. 7. Population policy. 8. Boundary disputes. I. Title.

JF1061.M67 2014

323.11--dc23

2014010733

ISBN 9781472441645 (hbk)
ISBN 9781315576473 (ebk)

The latest addition to the International Population Studies Series is Paul Morlands Demographic Engineering. You may not have met these words joined together in the title of a book or journal article. They imply that the population of a territory is being deliberately influenced in one or more directions by political or social agencies such as governments, political parties or pressure groups for motives which may be explicit or implicit. We are all familiar with Germanys Final Solution in World War II, the coercion of Apartheid in South Africa and some of the darker episodes in the history of the British Empire. Most days the media (press, television, radio, blogs) in countries receiving immigrants will be busy worrying about the benefits and costs, rights and wrongs of particular immigration flows. There is equivalent anxiety in sending countries about brain drain, the loss of human capital investment and whether remittances and returnees are adequate compensation. Paul Morland broadens the debate to look at a wider variety of interventions by state actors, political parties and others to manipulate populations. He examines four very different case examples drawn from South Asia (Sri Lanka), the United Kingdom (Northern Ireland), the Middle East (Israel/Palestine) and the United States of America. I think you will enjoy reading this book, written in a very accessible style, and thinking about the issues it raises in relation to other, contemporary cases of demographic engineering in todays world.

Philip Rees
Series Editor

I would like to express my thanks to Professor Eric P. Kaufmann who has encouraged my interest in demography and provided stimulation and guidance. Thanks too are due to Emeritus Professor Anthony D. Smith whose comments and thoughts have been much valued. I have had many wonderful teachers but none was more inspiring nor sent me off on the start of more intellectual journeys than the late Margaret Hewson who taught me French literature, and a great deal more, at J.F.S. in the early 1980s.

I am grateful to a number of friends who have either provided comments on parts of the book or who have acted as sounding boards over many years as my ideas have developed. These include Andress Goh, Nick Lowcock, Ian Price and Michael Wegier. Comments were also gratefully received from Rebecca Steinfeld. Alison Manson of the University of Leeds worked industriously to produce publishable versions of the maps.

My nephews Daniel and Alexander Benedyk have both made interesting observations and Daniel has proofread several of the chapters, as have my daughters Sonia and Juliet Morland. Any errors are of course entirely my own.

Above all I am grateful to my mother, Ingrid Morland, to my children, Sonia, Juliet and Adam and to my wife Claire, to whom this book is dedicated, for their forbearance and support.

This study examines the ways in which groups in ethnic conflict intentionally deploy demographic strategies in their struggles. Building on the existing literature, particularly Bookman (1997), I use the term demographic engineering to describe the deployment of demographic strategies in ethnic conflict. Demographic engineering, I argue, can adopt either hard or soft form. Hard demographic engineering is an attempt to strengthen a groups demographic position by directly changing a territorys demography. This is accomplished through increasing or decreasing the number of people in a given area or state by causing deaths or encouraging births or the movement of people in or out. Soft demographic engineering is an attempt to strengthen a groups demographic position by indirectly altering demography. This might involve changing the definition of a territory by moving its borders or shifting the definition and identity of an ethnic group.