Birgit Pfau-Effinger - Development of Culture, Welfare States and Womens Employment in Europe

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DEVELOPMENT OF CULTURE, WELFARE STATES AND
WOMENS EMPLOYMENT IN EUROPE

For my parents

First published 2004 by Ashgate Publishing

Published 2016 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 2004 Birgit Pfau-Effinger

Birgit Pfau-Effinger Kultur und Frauenerwerbstatigkeit in Europa: Theorie und Empirie des Internationalen Vergleichs. Opladen: Leske + Budrich 2000.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Pfau-Effinger, Birgit

Development of culture, welfare states and womens

employment in Europe

1. Women - Employment - Europe 2. Sexual division of labor -

Europe 3. Women - Europe - Social conditions 4. Welfare state

- Europe 5. Women - Employment - Europe - Cross-cultural

studies 6. Sexual division of labor - Europe -

Cross-cultural studies 7. Women - Europe - Social conditions

- Cross-cultural studies 8. Welfare state - Europe -

Cross-cultural studies

I. Title

331.4'094

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Pfau-Effinger, Birgit

Development of culture, welfare states and womens employment in Europe / Birgit Pfau-Effinger.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-7546-1693-2

1. Women--Employment--Europe. 2. Women--Employment--Government

policy--Europe--Case studies. 3. Women--Europe--Social conditions. 4. Europe--Social

policy. I. Title.

HD6134.P43 2003

331.4'094--dc22

2003066256

Translated by Antje Matthus

ISBN 9780754616931 (hbk)

Typeset by N2productions.

CONTENTS

List of Figures

List of Tables

Preface

Introduction

1. I.1 Labour Force Participation Rates of Women (in %), 19732001
2. I.2 Labour Force Participation Rates of Men (in %), 19732001
3. I.3 Part-time Working Women of all Working Women (in %), 19792001

1. I.1 Development of differences between the lowest and highest labour force participation rate and the lowest and highest part-time employment rate of women in Western Europe

This work could not have been completed without the encouragement and assistance of many people and it is a great pleasure for me to have now the opportunity to thank them.

The financial and institutional support provided by the University of Bremen was an important prerequisite for the realization of this work. I also thank Martin Osterland, whose death I mourn deeply, for his support of my work at the University of Bremen. I am also obliged to my colleagues at the Central Research Unit Arbeit und Region of the University of Bremen, where I worked until 1999 as an associate professor, for their valuable impetus regarding the analysis of the theoretical basis of international comparative sociology.

Through a guest professorship offered by the University of Tampere I was granted the opportunity to conduct research in Finland. I would particularly like to thank Pertti Koistinen who significantly supported me in this respect and to whom I owe valuable stimulus for my theoretical and empirical works. I am also grateful to the numerous Finnish scientists who provided me with insight into Finnish society. I thank Janneke Plantenga from the Universiteit Utrecht for her help in gaining access to my field of research in the Netherlands. I am indebted to her and a number of other Dutch scientists for important advice with regard to the analysis of the social structures of the Netherlands.

Through my collaboration in European research projects and networks, especially my participation in the coordination of the Network Gender Inequality and the European Regions of the European Science Foundation, and through the scientific discussions within the scope of the COST A 13 Action Programme Changing Labour Markets, Welfare Policies and Citizenship of the European Union I received further valuable stimulus for my scientific work. In this respect I particularly thank Simon Duncan and Per Jensen for their constructive ideas.

I am also grateful to all those colleagues who commented on earlier versions and parts of this text and thereby provided important impetus for the further development of my work, especially Rosemary Crompton, Rainer Dombois, Birgit Geissler, Hartmut Huermann, Ilkka Nummela, Ursula Mller, Mechthild Oechsle, Eva Senghaas-Knobloch, Werner Petrowski, and Dorothea Schmidt. I also thank Nicole Bornheim, Jrg Niemeyer, Sladana Sakac Magdalenic, Maik Dost and Andrea Geicke, who supported me in every organizational respect.

I thank my German publisher Leske + Budrich and Inter Nationes for supporting the publication of my book in the UK and Antje Matthus for taking on the difficult task of translating the book.

I am especially indebted to my family. I thank my parents Else and Hans Pfau, my husband Herbert Effinger and my daughter Enja Effinger for their hearty support.

Birgit Pfau-Effinger

Sociology is a comparative science per se. The comparison of cultures has been a central element of sociological thinking and research since the 19th century. According to mile Durkheims well-known observation:

... comparative sociology is not simply a special branch of sociology; it is sociology itself in so far as it stops being merely a descriptive science and strives to account to itself for the facts.1

In view of processes of growing European integration, German reunification, and transformation in Eastern Europe international comparison has recently come back into favour. In this respect the question of which general theoretical assumptions and methodological approaches of sociology comparative research can refer to is frequently discussed. So far, institutional oriented theories have been in the centre of attention. Recently, however, another question has been raised: what significance do values and models that people use as orientation for their behaviour have for the explanation of international differences with respect to social phenomena?2 Yet there have been only few attempts so far to develop theories that allow an explanation of similarities and differences between societies on the basis of the relations of cultural and institutional conditions. This is the field where new challenges for sociological theory development and empirical research are to be found.

Basic Issues of the Study

In the present study I investigate such questions on the basis of the increase in womens labour force participation, which has taken place in Western European societies in recent decades. This development represents a substantial change in the forms of social integration of women.

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