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Derek Layder - Investigative Research

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Investigative Research - image 1
Investigative Research
Theory and Practice
Investigative Research
Theory and Practice
  • Derek Layder
Investigative Research - image 2
Investigative Research - image 3
SAGE Publications Ltd
1 Olivers Yard
55 City Road
London EC1Y 1SP
SAGE Publications Inc.
2455 Teller Road
Thousand Oaks, California 91320
SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd
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Mathura Road
New Delhi 110 044
SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte Ltd
3 Church Street
#10-04 Samsung Hub
Singapore 049483
Derek Layder 20181
First edition published 2018
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form, or by any means, only with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction, in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017947310
British Library Cataloguing in Publication data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-1-4462-8752-1
ISBN 978-1-4462-8753-8 (pbk)
Editor: Jai Seaman
Assistant editor: Alysha Owen
Production editor: Vanessa Harwood
Marketing manager: Susheel Gokarakonda
Cover design: Bhairvi Gudka
Typeset by: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd, Chennai, India
Printed in the UK
Contents About the AuthorDerek Layderis Emeritus Professor of Sociology at the - photo 4
Contents
About the Author
Derek Layderis Emeritus Professor of Sociology at the University of Leicester and Honorary Professor of Health and Life Sciences at De Montfort University. In 1974 he was appointed Lecturer in Sociology at the University of Leicester and in 1976 was awarded a doctorate by the London School of Economics. In 1995 he was promoted to Reader, then to Professor in 1997 and to Emeritus Professor from 2002. He has held several visiting academic positions and has also held honorary visiting appointments at The Australian National University (as a Humanities Research Fellow) and the University of Western Sydney (as Eminent Research Visitor). He taught in areas of social theory, social psychology, social research methods and the philosophy of social sciences. He has published numerous academic articles and 12 books. Among his books, in the area of the philosophy of social science, he is the author of The Realist Image in Social Science (1990); in social theory, he has written Understanding Social Theory (second edition, 2006), as well as Modern Social Theory (1997). On research strategies and methods, he has authored New Strategies in Social Research (1993), Sociological Practice (1998) and Doing Excellent Small-Scale Research (2013). He has also written on intimacy, emotion and self-identity, including Emotion in Social Life (2004), Social & Personal Identity (2004) and Intimacy & Power (2009).
Introduction
Chapter Contents
What is Investigative Research?
Investigative research (IR) marries evidence-based explanations of social behaviour with distinctive strategies of data collection. It has been used with a wide range of topics and examples, including the emotional life of prisoners (Knight 2016), the professional practice of social workers (Houston 2015) and probation officers (Knight 2014), the adoption of information technology (Pruulmann-Vengerfeldt 2006), social trust and life insurance (Morris 2011), womens experience of egg freezing (Baldwin 2016) and gay sadomasochism (Chaline 2008), to mention but a few. IR searches out the influence of those parts of society that are frequently overlooked by other approaches. Its unique modelling and mapping of social processes enable IR to reach those parts of the social world other approaches cannot reach!
This book outlines the reasons why IR valuably adds to the existing armoury of research methods and approaches. Comparing IR with other approaches reveals its comprehensive, inclusive model of social processes and its distinctive investigative strategies. examine core aspects of the IR approach and discuss ways in which researchers may incorporate its principles in their own research projects.
The term investigative research brings together different strands of work. In previous publications, I have referred to these strands in several different ways, but in fact they express a unified set of ideas. There are two main blocks of ideas that I have attempted to integrate here. The first concerns a research map and its associated research methods and strategies (Layder 1993), further developed using terms such as adaptive theory, adaptive method, adaptive analysis (Layder 1998, 2013). The other main tranche of ideas I have variously called the theory of social domains, domain theory, the domains model of social reality or the domains framework (Layder 1997, 2006). Given this array of terms, it seems tidier to group them together as investigative research or IR for short.
Investigation as Exploration
Does investigative research have anything in common with investigative journalism or criminal investigation? There are indeed parallels, such as a central puzzle or incident which needs to be resolved or cleared up, a search for clues, the collection of evidence, the identification of key individuals (in the case of crime, perpetrator(s) and witnesses), and a chain of reasoning that ties these elements together and explains the initial puzzle or incident. However, IR has some unique characteristics:
  • IR has a combined and integrated emphasis on research exploration, description and explanation, based on their strong, mutually informative links. This contrasts with approaches that view them as separate and stand-alone activities with nothing to say or contribute to each other.
  • IR has a structured, but flexible, starting point which is open to the influence of new ideas and to the potential revision of established views, assumptions and explanations via adaptive responses to challenging data and evidence.
  • In IR, data samples are not fixed in advance or for the duration of a project. Changes in their composition often reflect subtle responses to emerging evidence and shifting analytical ideas.
  • IR can be used to explain social behaviour in any empirical area. However, as with data samples, research problems are not rigidly determined in advance. Rather, they are explored theoretically and empirically during research. The exact contours of problems and their solutions depends on what research evidence reveals, and this cannot be prefigured, say, by the imposition of a fully developed conceptual framework.
Investigative research is exploratory in character in the sense of being open to possible outcomes, regardless of the amount of previous research on the area or problem. During such exploration, a researcher must display a readiness to discover new angles on a phenomenon or problem, or to see them in a different light, or from alternative perspectives. This requires the use of the theoretical (analytical) imagination in combination with practical skills in the systematic collection of empirical evidence.
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