ETHNICITY AND EDUCATION IN ENGLAND AND EUROPE
Studies in Migration and Diaspora
Series Editor:
Anne J. Kershen, Queen Mary, University of London, UK
Studies in Migration and Diaspora is a series designed to showcase the interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary nature of research in this important field. Volumes in the series cover local, national and global issues and engage with both historical and contemporary events. The books will appeal to scholars, students and all those engaged in the study of migration and diaspora. Amongst the topics covered are minority ethnic relations, transnational movements and the cultural, social and political implications of moving from over there, to over here.
Also in the series:
Migration, Citizenship and Intercultural Relations
Looking through the Lens of Social Inclusion
Edited by Fethi Mansouri and Michele Lobo
ISBN 978-1-4094-2880-0
Masculinity, Sexuality and Illegal Migration
Human Smuggling from Pakistan to Europe
Ali Nobil Ahmad
ISBN 978-1-4094-0975-5
Globalization, Migration and Social Transformation
Edited by Bryan Fanning and Ronaldo Munck
ISBN 978-1-4094-1127-7
Childhood and Migration in Europe
Portraits of Mobility, Identity and Belonging in Contemporary Ireland
Caitrona N Laoire, Fina Carpena-Mndez, Naomi Tyrrell and Allen White
ISBN 978-1-4094-0109-4
Experience and Representation
Contemporary Perspectives on Migration in Australia
Keith Jacobs
ISBN 978-0-7546-7610-2
Ethnicity and Education in England and Europe
Gangstas, Geeks and Gorjas
IAN LAW AND SARAH SWANN
University of Leeds, UK
First published 2011 by Ashgate Publishing
Published 2016 by Routledge
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Copyright Ian Law and Sarah Swann 2011
Ian Law and Sarah Swann have asserted their right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the authors of this work.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Law, Ian.
Ethnicity and education in England and Europe : gangstas, geeks and gorjas. -- (Studies in migration and diaspora)
1. Discrimination in education--England. 2. Minorities-- Education--England. 3. Discrimination in education-
Europe. 4. Minorities--Education--Europe. 5. Romanies-- Education--Europe. 6. England--Ethnic relations. 7. Europe--Ethnic relations.
I. Title II. Series III. Swann, Sarah.
371.8290094-dc22
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Law, Ian.
Ethnicity and education in England and Europe : gangstas, geeks and gorjas / by Ian Law and Sarah Swann.
p. cm. -- (Studies in migration and diaspora)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4094-1087-4 (hardback) -- ISBN 978-1-4094-1088-1 (ebook) 1. Ethnic relations--Great Britain. 2. Ethnic relations--Europe. 3. Education--Great Britain. 4. Education--Europe. I.
Swann, Sarah. II. Title.
GN496.L39 2011
305.800941--dc23
2011023631
ISBN 9781409410874 (hbk)
ISBN 9781315580500 (ebk)
Contents
List of Tables
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank all EDUMIGROM project colleagues including Evelyene Bartou, Monika Borovanov, Marcus Carson, Barbara Hobson, Jenny Kallstenius, Tina Kallehave, Ela Klementov, Kostlan, Zuzana Kusa, Sabine Mannitz, Radim Marada, Vera Messing, Bolette Moldenhawer, Michal Nekorjak, Mria Nemnyi, Marta Padovan-zdemir, Joelle Perroton, Jessica Pouyau, Jurina Rusnakova, Claire Schiff, Kristina Sonmark, Gaby Strassburger, Jlia Szalai, Meryem Ucan, Rza Vajda, Eniko Vincze, Viola Zentai and Jnus Zolney for contributions drawn on in . The authors would also like to thank all the many participants who contributed their time and effort in response to our surveys, interviews and conversations and in particular the young people in schools and community contexts. We must also thank our families for bearing with us, supporting us and encouraging us in this endeavour. Lastly we would like to thank the editorial and production teams at Ashgate, and also the peer reviewers who have all contributed to the development and quality of this publication.
The research leading to these results has been conducted under the auspices of the project EDUMIGROM: Ethnic Differences in Education and Diverging Prospects for Urban Youth in an Enlarged Europe, and has received funding from the European Communitys Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013), under grant agreement no. 217384.
Glossary
AST | Attendance Strategy Team |
CME | Children Missing from Education |
DCSF | Department of Children, Schools and Families |
DfE | Department for Education |
EDUMIGROM | European Commission 7th Framework Program project Ethnic differences in education and diverging prospects for urban youth in an enlarged Europe |
EMA | Education Maintenance Allowance |
EMAG | Ethnic Minorities Achievement Grant |
EOC | Equal Opportunities Commission |
Gorjas | mainstream, settled communities as distinguished from Gypsy, Traveller and Roma young people and their communities |
HCA | Housing and Community Agency |
ISC | Independent Schools Council |
ICT | Information and Communication Technology |
LA | Local Authority |
RRAA | Race Relations Amendment Act |
SENCO | Special Needs Coordinator |
TLRP | Travellers Law Reform Project |
Series Editors Preface
Ethnicity and Education in England and Europe
For those unfamiliar with the designations used in the sub-title of this book, the three groups which form its spine are, young street orientated and educationally disaffected gangstas and young intellectually orientated geeks, both in this context of ethnic origin, together with gorgas, young Whites from mainstream settled communities. In addition, and most significantly, this study also embraces Gypsy, Traveller and Roma young people, for whom education is all too often a peripatetic and segregating episode. This is a volume which explores the impact of ethnic differences in education, on young people in the European Union. Though primarily focusing on education and ethnicity in England, the book, which evolved from a three year EU programme, provides a broader geographical perspective, and enables its readers to compare and contrast policy aims and outcomes, as well as pupil experience, in eight countries across Europe, which for the purposes of the programme were divided into clusters rather than compared and contrasted separately.