Douglas A. Howard - The History of Turkey: (The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations)

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THE HISTORY OF TURKEY

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ADVISORY BOARD

John T. Alexander

Professor of History and Russian and European Studies

University of Kansas

William B. Cohen

Professor of History

Indiana University, Bloomington

Robert A. Divine

George W. Littlefield Professor in American History Emeritus

University of Texas at Austin

John V. Lombardi

Professor of History

University of Florida

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Douglas A. Howard

The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations

Frank W. Thackeray and John E. Findling, Series Editors

Greenwood Press

Westport, Connecticut London

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Howard, Douglas A. (Douglas Arthur), 1958

The history of Turkey / Douglas A. Howard.

p. cm.(The Greenwood histories of the modern nations, ISSN 10962905)

Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index.

ISBN 0-313-30708-3 (alk. paper)

1. TurkeyHistory. I. Title. II. Series.

DR441.H69 2001

956.1dc21 00061720

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available.

Copyright 2001 by Douglas A. Howard

All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher.

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 00061720

ISBN: 0-313-30708-3

ISSN: 10962905

First published in 2001

Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881

An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc.

www.greenwood.com

Printed in the United States of America

The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.481984).

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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For Elizabeth, Graham, Steven and Geoffrey

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The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations series is intended to provide students and interested laypeople with up-to-date, concise, and analytical histories of many of the nations of the contemporary world. Not since the 1960s has there been a systematic attempt to publish a series of national histories, and, as series editors, we believe that this series will prove to be a valuable contribution to our understanding of other countries in our increasingly interdependent world.

Over thirty years ago, at the end of the 1960s, the Cold War was an accepted reality of global politics, the process of decolonization was still in progress, the idea of a unified Europe with a single currency was unheard of, the United States was mired in a war in Vietnam, and the economic boom of Asia was still years in the future. Richard Nixon was president of the United States, Mao Tse-tung (not yet Mao Zedong) ruled China, Leonid Brezhnev guided the Soviet Union, and Harold Wilson was prime minister of the United Kingdom. Authoritarian dictators still ruled most of Latin America, the Middle East was reeling in the wake of the Six-Day War, and Shah Reza Pahlavi was at the height of his power in Iran. Clearly, the past thirty years have been witness to a great deal of historical change, and it is to this change that this series is primarily addressed.

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With the help of a distinguished advisory board, we have selected nations whose political, economic, and social affairs mark them as among the most important in the waning years of the twentieth century, and for each nation we have found an author who is recognized as specialist in the history of that nation. These authors have worked most cooperatively with us and with Greenwood Press to produce volumes that reflect current research on their nation and that are interesting and informative to their prospective readers.

The importance of a series such as this cannot be underestimated. As a superpower whose influence is felt all over the world, the United States can claim a special relationship with almost every other nation. Yet many Americans know very little about the histories of the nations with which the United States relates. How did they get to be the way they are? What kind of political systems have evolved there? What kind of influence do they have in their own region? What are the dominant political, religious, and cultural forces that move their leaders? These and many other questions are answered in the volumes of this series.

The authors who have contributed to this series have written comprehensive histories of their nations, dating back to prehistoric time in some cases. Each of them, however, has devoted a significant portion of the book to events of the past thirty years, because the modern era has contributed the most to contemporary issues that have an impact on U.S. policy. Authors have made an effort to be as up-to-date as possible so that readers can benefit from the most recent scholarship and a narrative that includes very recent events.