Alexander Lyon Macfie - Ataturk

ATATRK

PROFILES IN POWER

General Editor: Keith Robbins

CATHERINE DE MEDICI

RJ. Knecht

ELIZABETH I (2nd Edn)

Christopher Haigh

BURGHLEY

Michael A.R. Graves

JAMES I AND VI

Roger Lockyer

RICHELIEU

R.J. Knecht

GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS (2nd Edn)

Michael Roberts

OLIVER CROMWELL

Barry Coward

PETER THE GREAT (2nd Edn)

M.S. Anderson

THE ELDER PITT

Marie Peters

JOSEPH II

T.C.W. Blanning

ROBESPIERRE

John Hardman

NAPOLEON

Geoffrey Ellis

ALEXANDER I

Janet M. Hartley

DISRAELI

Ian Machin

JUREZ

Brian Hamnett

CAVOUR

Harry Hearder

NAPOLEON III

James McMillan

FRANCIS JOSEPH

Steven Beller

ATATRK

A.L. Macfie

LLOYD GEORGE

Martin Pugh

PTAIN

Nicholas Atkin

HITLER

Ian Kershaw

CHURCHILL

Keith Robbins

NEHRU

Judith M. Brown

ATTLEE

Robert Pearce

NASSER

Peter Woodward

DE GAULLE

Andrew Shennan

FRANCO

Sheelagh Ellwood

MAO

S.G. Breslin

MACMILLAN

John Turner

KENNEDY

Hugh Brogan

CASTRO (2nd Edn)

Sebastian Balfour

GORBACHEV

Martin McCauley

ATATRK

A. L. Macfie

First published 1994 by Pearson Education Limited

Published 2013 by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 1994, Taylor & Francis.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notices

Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.

Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.

To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.

ISBN 13: 978-0-582-07863-5 (pbk)

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Macfie, A. L.

Atatrk / A. L. Macfie.

p. cm. (Profiles in power)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-582-07862-8 (cased). ISBN 0-582-07863-6 (pbk.)

1. Atatrk, Kemal, 18811938. 2. PresidentsTurkeyBiography. 3. TurkeyHistory19181960. I. Title. II. Series: Profiles in power (London, England)

DR592.K4M3 1994

956.1024092dc20

CONTENTS

The achievements of Mustafa Kemal Atatrk, the so-called founder of modern Turkey, must be considered by any standards remarkable. In a few short years, from his despatch, as Inspector of the Third Army, to Anatolia in May 1919 to his election as president of the first Turkish republic in October 1923, he succeeded, with the help of a small, select band of like-minded colleagues, in forging a Turkish national movement of exceptional strength and unity, capable of challenging the authority of the Sultan and his government in Istanbul (Constantinople), imposing its authority throughout the greater part of Anatolia, confronting the occupation forces of the western Entente powers (Great Britain, France and Italy), expelling a Greek expeditionary force despatched by those powers to Izmir in May 1919, and finally concluding at Lausanne a treaty of peace with the western Entente Powers and their allies, securing the independence and integrity of a newly created Turkish state, the last of the successor states of the Ottoman Empire. Moreover, in the remaining years of his life he succeeded in carrying through a series of major reforms, radically transforming the traditional, Islamic structure of Ottoman society, and laying the foundations of a modern, westernised, secular nation-state.