Dee H. Andrews - Human Factors Issues in Combat Identification

HUMAN FACTORS ISSUES IN COMBAT IDENTIFICATION

Human Factors in Defence

Series Editors:

Dr Don Harris, Cranfield University, UK

Professor Neville Stanton, Brunel University, UK

Professor Eduardo Salas, University of Central Florida, USA

Human factors is key to enabling todays armed forces to implement their vision to produce battle-winning people and equipment that are fit for the challenge of today, ready for the tasks of tomorrow and capable of building for the future (source: UK MoD). Modern armed forces fulfil a wider variety of roles than ever before. In addition to defending sovereign territory and prosecuting armed conflicts, military personnel are engaged in homeland defence and in undertaking peacekeeping operations and delivering humanitarian aid right across the world. This requires top class personnel, trained to the highest standards in the use of first class equipment. The military has long recognised that good human factors is essential if these aims are to be achieved.

The defence sector is far and away the largest employer of human factors personnel across the globe and is the largest funder of basic and applied research. Much of this research is applicable to a wide audience, not just the military; this series aims to give readers access to some of this high quality work.

Ashgates Human Factors in Defence series comprises of specially commissioned books from internationally recognised experts in the field. They provide in-depth, authoritative accounts of key human factors issues being addressed by the defence industry across the world.

EDITED BY

DEE H. ANDREWS

Air Force Research Laboratory, USA

ROBERT P. HERZ

Air Force Research Laboratory, USA

MARK B. WOLF

Air Force Research Laboratory and Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, USA

ASHGATE

Dee H. Andrews, Robert P. Herz and Mark B. Wolf 2010

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher.

Dee H. Andrews, Robert P. Herz and Mark B. Wolf have asserted their rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the editors of this work.

Published by

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Union Road

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Surrey, GU9 7PT

England

Ashgate Publishing Company

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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Human factors issues in combat identification. -- (Human factors in defence)

1. Friendly fire (Military science)--Safety measures.

2. Visual discrimination. 3. Cognitive psychology.

I. Series

355.422-dc22

ISBN: 978-0-7546-7767-3 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-0-7546-9515-8 (ebk)

ISBN: 978-1-4094-8620-6 (ebk-ePUB)

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Human factors issues in combat identification / by Dee H. Andrews, Robert P. Herz and Mark B. Wolf.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-7546-7767-3 (hardback) -- ISBN 978-0-7546-9515-8 (ebook) 1. Friendly fire (Military science)--United States. 2. Combat--Psychological aspects. 3. Combat--Physiological aspects. 4. Psychology, Military. I. Herz, Robert P. II. Wolf, Mark B. III.

Title.

U167.A53 2007

355.422--dc22

2009023765

Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books Group, UK

Katherine A. Wilson, Eduardo Salas and Dee H. Andrews

Robert W. Proctor and Motonori Yamaguchi

Clark Shingledecker, David E. Weldon, Kyle Behymer, Benjamin Simpkins, Elizabeth Lerner, Joel Warm, Gerald Matthews, Victor Finomore, Tyler Shaw and Jennifer S. Murphy

Thomas Fincannon, A. William Evans III, Florian Jentsch and Joseph Keebler

Cleotilde Gonzalez, Rick P. Thomas and Poornima Madhavan

Vincent A. Billock, Douglas W. Cunningham and Brian H. Tsou

Joseph R. Keebler, Lee W. Sciarini, Florian Jentsch, Denise Nicholson and Thomas Fincannon

Scott H. Summers

Cheryl A. Bolstad, Mica R. Endsley and Haydee M. Cuevas

David L. Hall and Stan Aungst

Frank L. Greitzer and Dee H. Andrews

Verlin B. Hinsz and Dana M. Wallace

Wayne Shebilske, Georgiy Levchuk, Jared Freeman and Kevin Gildea

Beejal Mistry, Gareth Croft, David Dean, Julie Gadsden, Gareth Conway and Katherine Cornes

Jerzy Jarmasz, Richard Zobarich, Lora Bruyn-Martin and Tab Lamoureux

Heather F. Neyedli, Lu Wang, Greg A. Jamieson and Justin G. Hollands

Stephen Rice, Krisstal Clayton and Jason McCarley

Mary T. Dzindolet, Linda G. Pierce and Hall P. Beck

John K. Hawley, Anna L. Mares and Jessica L. Marcon

John Barnett

Jean W. Pharaon

Dee H. Andrews is the Directorate Senior Scientist (ST) for the Human Effectiveness Directorate of the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL). As a Senior Scientist (ST), Dr. Andrews is the AFRLs principal scientific authority for training research. Dr. Andrews responsibilities include sustaining technological superiority for training by planning and conducting theoretical and experimental studies. He is also responsible for mentoring and developing dedicated technical staff to assure quality in training research, and represents AFRL in training research matters to the external scientific and technical community.

Stan Aungst is a Professor of Practice for Security and Risk Analysis and Senior Research Associate for the Network-Centric Cognition and Information Fusion Center at Penn State University. Stan has been working in the computing area for the last 40 years and has held positions as an Assistant Professor of MIS and 1ST, DBA, database programmer, software engineer, and project manager.

John S. Barnett is a Research Psychologist with the U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences in Orlando, FL. His research interests include human-automation interaction, aviation, training, and human performance in extreme environments. He holds a Ph.D. in Applied Experimental and Human Factors Psychology from the University of Central Florida. He is a former U.S. Air Force navigator with extensive flying hours in B-52 and B-1B aircraft.

Hall P. Beck received his Ph.D. from the University of North Carolina-Greensboro in 1983. He is a Professor in the Department of Psychology at Appalachian State University in Boone, North Carolina. Much of his research has been within the areas of human-machine interaction and social influence.

Kyle J. Behymer received his M.S. in Human Factors Psychology from Wright State University in 2005 and is currently a Research Psychologist with JXT Applications, Inc. Mr. Behymers research is focused on developing innovative Human-Computer User Interfaces that enhance decision-making and improve collaboration in both military and civilian environments. He has designed systems for a diverse set of domains, including emergency response, military command and control, and multi-crew cockpits. Mr. Behymer is also fluent in several programming languages and has led the software development for a wide variety of projects.