Gofman Mikhail - Biometrics in a Data Driven World: Trends, Technologies, and Challenges

BIOMETRICS
in a DATA
DRIVEN WORLD

Trends, Technologies,
and Challenges

Trends, Technologies,
and Challenges

EDITED BY
Sinjini Mitra
Mikhail Gofman

CRC Press
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Version Date: 20161028

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SINJINI MITRA, BO WEN, AND MIKHAIL GOFMAN

YOONSUK CHOI

MARIA VILLA, MIKHAIL GOFMAN, SINJINI MITRA, CHRISTOPHER RODNEY, AND MAHDI HOSSEINI

KENNETH KUNG AND LAURIE oCONNOR

CHARLES LI

REGAN L. MANDRYK AND LENNART E. NACKE

MIKHAIL GOFMAN, SINJINI MITRA, MARIA VILLA, AND CHRISTINA DUDAKLIAN

YUN TIAN, MIKHAIL GOFMAN, AND MARIA VILLA

MARIA VILLA AND ABHISHEK VERMA

ANDREY GUBENKO AND ABHISHEK VERMA

RODRIGO MARTINEZ AND ABHISHEK VERMA

ALEC YENTER AND ABHISHEK VERMA

MARIA VILLA AND ABHISHEK VERMA

YUKHE LAVINIA AND ABHISHEK VERMA

JASON LIGON AND ABHISHEK VERMA

YU LIU AND ABHISHEK VERMA

SINJINI MITRA AND BO WEN

Figure 1.10 Images of a person under
various pose variations

Figure 1.11 Images of a person with
various expressions

When studying 31,000-year-old cave wall paintings of prehistoric humans, archeologists occasionally stumble upon a remarkable finda human handprint. It is believed that these prints were left on the walls of caves to serve as the signatures of the artists. This concept of using human traits for purposes of identification eventually evolved into the intricate and subtle field that is known today as biometrics.

The word biometrics originates from the Greek words bio (life) and metric(to measure). In traditional statistical literature, the terms biometrics and biometry have been used since the early twentieth century to refer to the field of development of mathematical methods applicable to data analysis problems in the biological sciences. Some examples include agricultural field experiments to compare the yields of different varieties of a crop and human clinical trials evaluating the relative effectiveness of competing drugs. However, recently the term biometrics has also been used to denote the unique physical traits, such as face, fingerprints, and iris, and behavioral characteristics, which include gait, voiceprint, and signature. Biometric authentication refers to the science and technology of identifying people based on their physical and behavioral traits. Technological advances as well as new discoveries about the human body and behavioral patterns continue to expand the list of human traits that are useful for identification. For example, recent research has demonstrated the viability of using ear prints, brainwaves, heartbeats, and DNA as basis for verifying identity. It is quite surprising, yet fascinating, to see how this field has evolved following the September 11 attacks in New York City in 2001, particularly over the last 1015 years.

In todays highly connected and data-driven world, biometrics play critical roles in ensuring national security and are becoming increasingly important in securing mobile and cloud computing applications, as well as improving the quality of health care and transforming the way people experience computer gaming and entertainment.

The aim of this book is to inform readers about the modern applications of biometrics in the context of a data-driven society, to familiarize them with the rich history of biometrics, and to provide them with a glimpse into the future of biometrics.

discusses the fundamentals of biometrics; provides an overview of common biometric modalities, namely face, fingerprints, iris, and voice; discusses the history of the field; and provides an overview of the emerging trends and opportunities.

introduces the reader to a wide range of biometric applications as noted above.

) currently used on mobile applications. As smartphones and tablet computers are rapidly becoming the dominant consumer computer platforms, biometrics-based authentication is emerging as an integral part of protecting mobile devices against unauthorized access, while enabling new and highly popular applications such as secure online payment authorization.

Finally, concludes with a discussion of the future trends and opportunities in the field of biometrics, which pave the way for advancing research in the area of biometrics and for deployment of biometric technologies in real-world applications.

A recurring theme throughout this book is the challenge of implementing automated biometric authentication. This is because making biometrics-based authentication robust requires complex sensor technologies for capturing high biometric quality images (e.g., face photographs or voice-prints) and complex algorithms, which can accurately determine the identity of a person based on the biometric images. Addressing these challenges is an important area of biometrics research which this book discusses.

The books intended audience includes individuals interested in exploring the contemporary applications of biometrics, from students to researchers and practitioners working in this field. Both undergraduate and graduate students enrolled in college-level security courses will find this book to be an especially useful companion.

Security is of utmost importance today to ensure the safety of the world. From the London bombings of 2005 to the more recent attacks in the airports at Brussels and Istanbul in 2016, there is imminent need to enhance security in different areas. As people will learn from reading this book, biometrics provides a way to accomplish that in many practical security applications.