Loch K. Johnson - National Security Intelligence

To Loch Lomond Bentley,

RAF pilot,

19131941,

who paid the ultimate price in defense of the democracies

Copyright Loch K. Johnson 2017

The right of Loch K. Johnson to be identified as Author of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

First published in 2012 by Polity Press;

This second edition published in 2017

Polity Press

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Cambridge CB2 1UR, UK

Polity Press

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Malden, MA 02148, USA

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ISBN-13: 978-1-5095-1304-8

ISBN-13: 978-1-5095-1305-5(pb)

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Name: Johnson, Loch K., 1942 author.

Title: National security intelligence / Loch Johnson.

Description: Second edition. | Cambridge, UK ; Malden, MA : Polity, 2017. | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2016039810 (print) | LCCN 2016059847 (ebook) | ISBN 9781509513048 (hardback) | ISBN 9781509513055 (paperback) | ISBN 9781509513079 (Mobi) | ISBN 9781509513086 (Epub)

Subjects: LCSH: Intelligence serviceUnited States. | National securityUnited States. | BISAC: POLITICAL SCIENCE / Globalization. Classification: LCC JK486.I6 J64 2017 (print) | LCC JK486.I6 (ebook) | DDC 327.1273dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016039810

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Loch Kingsford Johnson is the Regents Professor of Public and International Affairs at the University of Georgia, as well as a Meigs Distinguished Teaching Professor. He is the author of more than 200 articles and essays, and the author or editor of more than 30 books, on U.S. national security. The books include, most recently, American Foreign Policy and the Challenges of World Leadership (Oxford, 2015); Essentials of Strategic Intelligence (ABC-Clio/Praeger, 2015, editor); A Season of Inquiry Revisited: The Church Committee Confronts America's Spy Agencies (Kansas, 2015); The Threat on the Horizon: An Inside Account of America's Search for Security After the Cold War (Oxford, 2011); and The Oxford Handbook of National Security Intelligence (Oxford, 2010, editor). He has published editorials in the New York Times, the Washington Post, the Chicago Tribune, the Philadelphia Inquirer, the Atlanta Journal-Constitution, the Baltimore Sun, and elsewhere.

Professor Johnson served as special assistant to the chairman of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (197576); as a staff aide on the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee (197677); as the first staff director of the Subcommittee on Intelligence Oversight, U.S. House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (197779); as a senior staff member on the Subcommittee on Trade and International Economic Policy, Committee on Foreign Affairs, U.S. House of Representatives (1980); and as special assistant to Chairman Les Aspin of the AspinBrown Commission on the Roles and Missions of Intelligence (199596). He was the Issues Director in a presidential campaign (1976); served as a foreign policy adviser to President Jimmy Carter in his 1980 re-election campaign (coauthoring the Presidential Briefing Book on Foreign Policy used during the presidential debates); and is currently a consultant to several government and civic organizations.

Professor Johnson has won the Certificate of Distinction from the National Intelligence Study Center in Washington, DC; the Studies in Intelligence Award from the Center for the Study of Intelligence in Washington, DC; the Best Article Award from the Century Foundation's Understanding Government Project; and the V.O. Key Best Book Prize (with Charles S. Bullock III) from the Southern Political Science Association. He has served as secretary of the American Political Science Association, and has led its Intelligence Studies Organized Group. He has also been president of the International Studies Association, South.

Professor Johnson is senior editor of the international journal Intelligence and National Security, and he serves on the editorial advisory board for several other journals, including the Journal of Intelligence History and the Journal for Intelligence, Propaganda, and Security Studies. In 200809, he was named a Phi Beta Kappa Visiting Scholar, and is now on the Phi Beta Kappa National Board for the Visiting Scholar Program. He has been a Distinguished Visiting Scholar at Yale University and at Oxford University. In 2012, he was selected as the inaugural Professor of the Year by the consortium of fourteen universities in the Southeast Conference (SEC). At the 2014 Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association, he was awarded the Distinguished Professor prize, a recognition bestowed occasionally by the Intelligence Studies Section; and, in 2015, he was presented with a Lifetime Achievement Award from the International Association for Intelligence Education.

Born in Auckland, New Zealand, Professor Johnson received his PhD in political science from the University of California, Riverside. In postdoctoral activities, he was awarded an American Political Science Association Congressional Fellowship. He has also studied nuclear weapons policy at Harvard University and MIT. Professor Johnson has lectured at more than 140 universities and think-tanks worldwide. At the University of Georgia, he led the founding of the School of Public and International Affairs in 2001, the first new college at the university since the 1940s.

Basic human motivations and the quest for national security intelligence: a stimulusresponse model

The U.S. Intelligence Community (IC) in 2016

The CIA during the Cold War

The CIA's Operations Directorate during the Cold War

The intelligence cycle

The relationship between a nation's sense of acceptable risk and its resources committed to intelligence collection and analysis

Frequency of NIEs by year, 19502005

Herblock on blow back

The ebb and flow of covert actions by the United States, 19472010

A partial ladder of escalation for covert actions

Key recommendations in the Huston Plan, 1970