Francis A. McGuire - Leisure & Aging: Ulyssean Living in Later Life
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The authors of this book acknowledge that older individuals today are generally healthier, more financially secure, and more independent than previous cohorts. They have therefore designed a book to help identify ways in which leisure might contribute positively to later life. Rather than leisure being seen as just a substitute for loss of activity engaged in earlier in life, the book espouses the proposition that leisure can provide new pathways for growth and development. The subtitle, Ulyssean Living in Later Life, reflects the idea that the elderly should be open to new ideas and opportunities just as Ulysses was when he embarked on his epic journeys of adventure in the later years of his life.
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Francis A. McGuire Rosangela Boyd Raymond T. Tedrick
SAGAMORE PUBLISHING Champaign, IL 61820
1996 Sagamore Publishing All rights reserved.
Production Manager: Susan M. McKinney Cover design: Michelle R. Dressen Proofreader: Mary Jane Harshbarger
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 95-70430 ISBN: 1-57167-014-9
This book is dedicated to our parents; our first and best teachers.
Page v
Contents
Acknowledgments
vii
Introduction
viii
1 The Aging Journey
1
2 Theoretical Perspectives on Aging by Bryan McCormick
17
3 Biological Processes
37
4 Cognitive Processes
73
5 Psychological Aging
91
6 The Importance of Leisure
115
7 The Leisure Experience: Meanings and Motivations
143
8 Time and Activities in Retirement: On Being or Becoming Ulyssean
159
9. Ethnicity and Gender:Impact on Leisure for Older Adults
179
10 Living Environments
201
11 The Long-Term Care Facility
219
12 The Community Environment
241
References
265
Index
281
Page vii
Acknowledgments
We are indebted to our students who have helped form and solidify many of the ideas in this book. We would also like to acknowledge the contributions of Dr. John Kelly and Dr. Kathleen Halberg, who were involved in earlier efforts to write this book. Dr. Joe Bannon refused to let us not finish this project and we thank him for that. Finally, we appreciate the efforts of Susan McKinney, production manager, who displayed just the right mix of patience and persistence necessary for bringing this project to fruition.
Page viii
Introduction
We are in the midst of the greying of America. There are more people over the age of 65 than there have ever been and this trend will continue well into the future. This cadre of older individuals is unlike any seen before. They are generally healthier, more financially secure and more independent than previous cohorts. In addition, they are probably more visible and vocal than previous groups of older individuals. In fact, it is impossible to watch the news, walk into a grocery store, or board an airplane without coming into contact with older individuals.
However, the increasing presence of elderly people in our society has not necessarily resulted in a deeper understanding of this group. Certainly, the work of gerontologists has cleared up many misconceptions of older people and the aging process. We know more about the mechanisms of aging, physical as well as social, than at any time in history. Our knowledge base is expanding every year. Unfortunately, many have not received these messages. An archaic view of aging still is firmly entrenched in our society. It is viewed as a time of loss and decline with little hope for the future. In fact, to speak about the future and old age together will strike many as ludicrous. What is the future in aging within this perspective? At best, stability for as long as possible, at worst, death after confinement to a long-term care facility. Unfortunately, our misguided images often interfere with our ability to effectively work with this population.
Several years ago, there was a popular book entitled All I Really Need to Know I Learned in Kindergarten, which purported to identify life's most important lessons. The author's thesis was that many of these lessons were learned early in life. A similar compartmentalizing of life into periods of appropriateness appears to extend into other areas. There is a time to learn and a time to earn, a time to grow and a time to fade away. The result of this perspective has been the placing of limits on the later years. Individuals who break out of this mold are viewed as media marvels meriting special attention. For example, June inevitably
Page ix
brings stories of septuagenarians graduating from college, December stories typically include pieces on extremely active older volunteers, and in April the media celebrates individuals who have achieved athletic milestones later in life. The focus of these stories is the remarkable ability to accomplish these things in spite of being old. We view this perspective as inappropriate. People do not do things in spite of being old. Rather, they achieve success because of who they are. Being old should not be viewed as a handicap to accomplishing anything. In fact, the most difficult thing many people face in reaching their goals is a resistant society that places obstacles in the way of many older people and prohibits them from reaching their potential.
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