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Carruthers - Hitlers Forgotten Armies: Combat in Norway and Finland

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Carruthers Hitlers Forgotten Armies: Combat in Norway and Finland
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The German campaigns in the northern theatre of operations encompassing Denmark, Norway, Finland and the far north of Russia are detailed in this long neglected account of the campaign as described from the German point of view. Out of print since the fifties, this new edition is edited and introduced by Emmy Award winning author and historian Bob Carruthers. Based mainly on original German records captured in 1945 alongside the postwar military recollections of veterans, this fascinating account encompasses the lessons and conclusions drawn from these German sources.


The work of preparing this study in English, which consisted of translating basic German records and manuscripts, performing additional research, expanding and then rewriting the narratives with an eye for continuity and factual data, was done chiefly by Earl F. Ziemke under the supervision of the Foreign Studies Branch, Special Studies Division, Office of the Chief of Military History. In the process of presenting the material, every effort has been made to give a balanced account of German strategy and operations in the often neglected northern theatre of operations.

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This ebook edition published in Great Britain in 2012 by Coda Books Ltd, The Barn, Cutlers Farm Business Centre, Edstone, Wootton Wawen, Henley in Arden, Warwickshire, B95 6DJ

www.codabooks.com

Copyright 2012 Coda Books Ltd

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

Originally published as The German Northern Theater of Operations 1940-1945, Department of the Army Pamphlet No. 20-271 by Earl F. Ziemke

A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 978 1 78158 097 4

CONTENTS
Introduction

This excellent and much sought after publication originally appeared as DA Pam 20-271 on 15th December 1959. It was published by the Center of Military History of the United States Army based in Washington, D.C. Out of print since the the fifties, it now forms part of the developing series entitled World War II From Original Sources. The aim is to provide the reader with a varied range of materials drawn from original writings covering the strategic, operational and tactical aspects of the weapons and battles of Hitlers war. The concept behind the series is to provide the well-read and knowledgeable reader with access to long out of print sources to build a picture of a particular aspect of that titanic struggle.

I am pleased to report that the series has been well received and it is a pleasure to be able to bring these original sources back to new life and to the attention of an interested readership. I particularly enjoy re-discovering good sources like these, and I am pleased to be able to present them unadorned and unvarnished to a sophisticated audience. The readership I strive to serve is the increasingly well informed community of reader/historians which needs no editorial lead and can draw its own conclusions. I am well aware that our community is constantly striving to discover new nuggets of information, and I trust that with this volume I have managed to stimulate fresh enthusiasm and that at least some of these facts will be new to you and will provoke readers to research further down these lines of investigation, and perhaps cause established views to be challenged once more. I am aware at all times in compiling these materials that our relentless pursuit of more and better historical information is at the core our common passion. I trust that this selection will contribute to that search and will help all of us to better comprehend and understand the bewildering events of the last century.

In order to produce an interesting compilation giving a flavour of events at the strategic and operational level, I have returned once more to the Centre of Military History series, which contain an intriguing series of near contemporary reviews. I find this series particularly fascinating as they provide us with a sense of what was happening at the face of battle almost as the events unfolded.

Thank you for buying this volume in the series we hope you will enjoy discovering some new insights you will go on to try the others in the series.

Bob Carruthers

Edinburgh 2012

Foreword

The Office of the Chief of Military History of the Department of the Army is currently preparing a series of studies on German military operations in World War II against forces other than those of the United States. In addition to the volumes already published dealing with Poland and the Balkans and the present volume on Norway and Finland, these monographs will cover German operations in Russia, France and the Low Countries. These campaign studies are being made available to the General Staff and to the Army schools and colleges as reference works. They will also prove of value to all who are interested in military affairs.

The German campaigns in Norway and Finland established landmarks in the evolution of military science even though they failed in the long run to influence the outcome of the war. In the invasion of Norway the Germans executed the first large-scale amphibious (in fact triphibious) operation of World War II. The subsequent German operations out of Finland provided the first, and still unique, instance of major military forces operating in the Arctic and created a precedent, at least, for the inclusion of that region, once considered almost totally inaccessible, in strategic considerations. In these respects the operations in the German Northern Theater have a direct association with concepts of warfare which have not yet reached their final stage of development and are, therefore, of current and possible future interest.

Preface

This volume describes two campaigns that the Germans conducted in their Northern Theater of Operations. The first they launched, on 9 April 1940, against Denmark and Norway. The second they conducted out of Finland in partnership with the Finns against the Soviet Union. The latter campaign began on 22 June 1941 and ended in the winter of 1944-45 after the Finnish Government had sued for peace.

The scene of these campaigns by the end of 1941 stretched form the North Sea to the Arctic Ocean and from Bergen on the west coast of Norway, to Petrozavodsk, the former capital of the Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic. It faced east into the Soviet Union on a 700-mile-long front, and west on a 1,300-mile sea frontier. Hitler regarded this theater as the keystone of his empire, and, after 1941, maintained in it two armies totaling over a half million men.

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