Peter Jacques - Ocean Politics and Policy: A Reference Handbook (Contemporary World Issues)

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Ocean Politics and Policy

A Reference Handbook

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CONTEMPORARY
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Books in the Contemporary World Issues series address vital issues in todays society such as genetic engineering, pollution, and biodiversity. Written by professional writers, scholars, and nonacademic experts, these books are authoritative, clearly written, up-to-date, and objective. They provide a good starting point for research by high school and college students, scholars, and general readers as well as by legislators, businesspeople, activists, and others.

Each book, carefully organized and easy to use, contains an overview of the subject, a detailed chronology, biographical sketches, facts and data and/or documents and other primary-source material, a directory of organizations and agencies, annotated lists of print and nonprint resources, and an index.

Readers of books in the Contemporary World Issues series will find the information they need in order to have a better understanding of the social, political, environmental, and economic issues facing the world today.

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Ocean Politics and Policy

A Reference Handbook

Peter Jacques and Zachary A. Smith

CONTEMPORARY
WORLD ISSUES

Santa Barbara, California
Denver, Colorado
Oxford, England

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Copyright 2003 by Peter Jacques and Zachary A. Smith

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publishers.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Jacques, Peter.
Ocean politics and policy : a reference handbook / Peter Jacques and
Zachary A. Smith.
p. cm. -- (Contemporary world issues)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-57607-622-9 (acid-free paper); 1-57607-623-7 (eBook)
1. Oceanography and state. 2. Marine resources--Government policy.
I. Smith, Zachary A. (Zachary Alden), 1953- II. Title. III. Series.
GC64.J33 2003
333.91'64--dc21
2002156284

06 05 04 03 02 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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ABC-CLIO, Inc.
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This book is printed on acid-free paper .

Manufactured in the United States of America

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To my parents, Earnest and Bonnie Jacques, whose
confidence has been an essential and fulfilling part of my
life and workP.J.
To Leila Smith, my always supportive motherZ.S.

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Preface, xiii

1 Currents in Ocean Politics: Oceans in Context,

Ocean Politics and Policy,

Ocean Politics as Environmental Politics,

Ocean Politics as Security Politics,

The Role of Science in Ocean Politics,

Mare Liberum: The Open Oceans,

Common-Pool Resources,

International Regimes,

Regime Concepts for the Ocean,

Organization of the Book,

2 Making Waves: Problems, Controversies, and Solutions,

Integrated Coastal Management,

Fishing,

The Importance of Fish and the Effects of Fishing,

Principles and Problems of Fishery Conservation,

U.S. Domestic Fishery Management,

International Fishery Management,

Whaling,

Sea-Level Rise,

Pollution,

Oil Pollution,

The Case of the Exxon Valdez,

The United Nations Regional Seas Programme,

Mining and the Common Heritage of Mankind,

Jurisdictions and Disputes,

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The Primary Jurisdictions: Internal Seas, Territorial Seas, and Exclusive Economic Zones,

Archipelagic Baselines,

Rights of Landlocked and Geographically Disadvantaged States,

Law of the Sea Dispute Resolution,

Suggestions for the Future,

Fishing,

Whaling,

Sea-Level Rise,

Ocean Pollution,

Jurisdictions,

3 Ocean Security Dilemmas: Protecting the Oceans and Human Systems,

Military Ocean Security,

The Importance of Naval Power,

Sea-Lanes of Communication and Spheres of Influence,

War: Balances of Power, Arms Races, and Deterrence,

International Security in the PostCold War Era,

The U.S. Navy,

Military Security: Conclusion,

Piracy,

Environmental and Ecological Security,

Environmental Security,

Resource Wars,

Ecological Security,

The Law of the Sea as Ocean Security,

The Fishery Stock Agreement as Ocean Security,

Conclusion and Suggestions for the Future,

Military Security,

Piracy,

Environmental Security,

4 Chronology,

Early Ocean Hallmarks,

Modern Ocean Hallmarks: The Past 100 Years,

5 People and Events,

Elisabeth Mann Borgese (19182002),

Robert Boyle (16271691),

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Rachel Carson (19071964),

HMS Challenger (18731876),

Jacques-Yves Cousteau (19101997),

Sylvia Earle (1935 ),