Richard Prior - Latin Verb Tenses

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Also by Richard E.

Prior:
Latin Verb Drills
Latin Demystified

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I would like to thank my dear friend and former student Brian Lupo for his assistance and contributions to this book.

Huge thanks are also due to my partner, Scott Henderson, for his bottomless store of patience. The publisher would like to thank Randall Childree for his assistance in preparing the second edition of this book.

The core of a sentence in any language is the verb. All other words in a sentence modify the verb in their own way or modify words that are modifying the verb. In Latin, the verb system is far more complex than in most modern languages, which gives it an amazing beauty all its own, but also provides a challenge to us, thousands of years later, who would like to experience that beauty on its own terms. The greatest challenge in writing this book has been developing a format that would be the most useful to the most people studying this ancient language.

There are many textbooks, offering many approaches from many different angles, and so finding a format that would be the most flexible and useful has truly been a challenge. Another challenge has been to provide exercises beyond simple verb forms, so that verbs are used in context, but without placing unnecessary demands on the reader in nonverb areas of Latin study. To put verbs in context, however, requires nouns, whichgiven Latins highly inflected naturerequires some mastery of case uses for nouns. Since this book is designed for practice with verbs, not nouns, the case uses in the exercises have been kept simple so that mastery of only the most basic ones is assumed. Apart from certain verb forms, gender is invisible in Latin. In English, however, it is not.

For the sake of simplicity and uniformity, not to mention commonality in reading Latin texts, the assumed gender in this book, unless otherwise noted, is masculine. The reader may find discrepancies between the use of macrons in this book and that in some dictionaries. Conventions vary, but the reader should take heart in the fact that the Romans themselves didnt write macrons. In fact, they used no punctuation or any diacritics in writing, and likely did not even use spaces between words! Some vowels are long by nature and some are long by position (meaning those that are followed by two or more consonants). I have generally followed the convention of using a macron for vowels long by nature, but not for those long by position. There are more specialized areas of verb study that are not addressed in this book, such as the ending -re instead of -runt in the third-person plural, perfect indicative active, as is often seen in epic poetry.

The aim of this book is to offer mastery of fundamental Latin verb forms and applications; other details are left for advanced study. See

This chapter gives a brief overview of the Latin verb system and explains the attributes by which verbs can be described and understood. It also provides an explanation of the many grammatical terms used in this book. In addition to meaning, a Latin verb contains five different characteristics: person, number, tense, mood, and voice. Some forms also denote gender. First person is the speaker himself.Next page