Craig A. Evans - Holman QuickSource Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls

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Holman QuickSource Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls

2010 by Craig Evans

All rights reserved

ISBN: 978-0-8054-4852-8

A Holman Reference Book

published by

B&H Publishing Group

127 Ninth Avenue, North

Nashville, Tennessee 37234

http://www.bhpublishinggroup.com

Dewey Decimal Classification: 296.155

Subject Heading: DEAD SEA SCROLLS \ QUMRAN COMMUNITY \ SACRED BOOKS

Cover Design by Greg Pope

Interior Design by Doug Powell

Acquisitions Editor: Dr. Terry Wilder

Editor: Dr. Jeremy R. Howard

Unless otherwise indicated, all Scripture passages are taken from the Holman Christian Standard Bible, copyright 1999, 2000, 2002, 2004 by Holman Bible Publishers. All rights reserved.

Scripture quotations marked NASB are from the New American Standard Bible. The Lockman Foundation, 1960, 1962, 1963, 1968, 1971, 1972 , 1973, 1975, 1977. Used by permission.

Scripture quotations marked NRSV are from the New Revised Standard Version of the Bible, copyright 1989 by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of Churches of Christ in the United States of America. Used by permission. All rights reserved.

Scripture quotations marked RSV are from the Revised Standard Version of the Bible, copyrighted 1946, 1952, 1971, 1973.

Scripture quotations marked KJV are from the King James Version.

Dedicated to

...

My cousin, Ron Eoff

Table of Contents

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Preface

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The Dead Sea Scrolls (DSS) first caught my attention as a seminary student about 35 years ago when I took a class on how Scripture was interpreted in the time of Jesus and the early Church. This introduced me to the allegorical-prophetic style of biblical interpretation (usually called pesher) practiced in many of the scrolls. I found it fascinating.

As a doctoral student at Claremont, I had the good fortune of working with several proven DSS scholars, including William Brownlee, James Sanders, and John Trever. Anyone who is familiar with the scrolls and their discovery will recognize these names. Brownlee and Trever were actually in Jerusalem the year the first scrolls came to light (194748). Trever made beautiful photographs of several Cave 1 scrolls; they remain among the very best. Brownlee produced some of the first scholarly studies on the scrolls. Sanders became one of the original editors of the scrolls, producing an excellent volume on the Cave 11 Psalms Scroll for the Discoveries in the Judaean Desert series. He went on to serve as founding president of the Ancient Biblical Manuscript Center in Claremont, whose important work continues to this day.

A Qumran spring dawned in the early 1990s thanks to the long-awaited publication of the many fragmentary scrolls from Cave 4. At this time the Dead Sea Scrolls Institute was founded at Trinity Western University in British Columbia, where I served on the faculty. The directors of the institute were Martin Abegg and Peter Flint. These were heady days for scrolls enthusiasts. We held conferences, published books, traveled to Israel and elsewhere in the Middle East, and collaborated with scholars around the world.

I have contributed to and edited my fair share of books on the DSS, given countless lectures at popular conferences and learned symposia, and for many years have had the privilege of serving on the editorial board of Dead Sea Discoveries, a scholarly journal devoted to the scrolls and their impact on biblical scholarship and the world of early Judaism and Christianity. And yet the scrolls are as fresh and interesting to me as they ever were.

The Purpose of This Book

The purpose of this book is to help you understand what the DSS really are and how they shed light on Jesus and the Jewish people of 2,000 years ago. For example, the scrolls will help you understand better how the Jewish people yearned for the dawning of a new day, a day when Gods people would live in righteousness and justice, a day when the Messiah would reign as king and evil would be banished from earth. You will also read about the interesting events surrounding the discovery of the scrolls, the controversies surrounding the publication and implications of the scrolls, and the major scrolls scholars. Other important topics include:

• The region of the Dead Sea
• The contents of the scrolls
• The date of the scrolls
• The science of restoring and preserving the scrolls
• The scrolls and the Bible
• Who wrote the scrolls
• The scrolls and the end time
• The scrolls and the messianic hope
• The scrolls and Jesus
• The scrolls and Old Testament (OT) interpretation
• The scrolls and New Testament (NT) interpretation

In keeping with the purpose of the Holman QuickSource series, the Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls is organized and written in a user-friendly style, accompanied by many photographs, text boxes, and other aids. Read on and enjoy!

My English quotations of the DSS are from The Dead Sea Scrolls: A New Translation (HarperCollins, 1996), a fine work put together by Michael O. Wise, Martin G. Abegg, and Edward M. Cook.

Finally, I express my thanks to Terry L. Wilder for extending to me the invitation to write this book and to Jeremy Royal Howard for his expert assistance and advice as it was being written. I also salute my cousin Ron Eoff, to whom the book is dedicated. Ron served the public in law enforcement in southern California for more than 30 years.

Craig A. Evans

Acadia Divinity College

Part I

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