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Saxon Bisbee - Engines of Rebellion: Confederate Ironclads and Steam Engineering in the American Civil War

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Saxon Bisbee Engines of Rebellion: Confederate Ironclads and Steam Engineering in the American Civil War
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Engines of Rebellion: Confederate Ironclads and Steam Engineering in the American Civil War: summary, description and annotation

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A challenge to the prevailing idea that Confederate ironclads were inherently defective.
The development of steam propulsion machinery in warships during the nineteenth century, in conjunction with iron armor and shell guns, resulted in a technological revolution in the worlds navies. Warships utilizing all of these technologies were built in France and Great Britain in the 1850s, but it was during the American Civil War that large numbers of ironclads powered solely by steam proved themselves to be quite capable warships.
Historians have given little attention to the engineering of Confederate ironclads, although the Confederacy was often quite creative in building and obtaining marine power plants.Engines of Rebellion: Confederate Ironclads and Steam Engineering in the American Civil Warfocuses exclusively on ships with American built machinery, offering a detailed look at marine steam-engineering practices in both northern and southern industry prior to and during the Civil War.
Beginning with a contextual naval history of the Civil War, the creation of the ironclad program, and the advent of various technologies, Saxon T. Bisbee analyzes the armored warships built by the Confederate States of America that represented a style adapted to scarce industrial resources and facilities. This unique historical and archaeological investigation consolidates and expands on the scattered existing information about Confederate ironclad steam engines, boilers, and propulsion systems.
Through analysis of steam machinery development during the Civil War, Bisbee assesses steam plants of twenty-seven ironclads by source, type, and performance, among other factors. The wartime role of each vessel is discussed, as well as the stories of the people and establishments that contributed to its completion and operation. Rare engineering diagrams never before published or gathered in one place are included here as a complement to the text.

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ENGINES OF REBELLION MARITIME CURRENTS HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY SERIES EDITOR - photo 1

ENGINES OF REBELLION

MARITIME CURRENTS

HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY

SERIES EDITOR

Gene Allen Smith

EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD

John F. Beeler
Alicia Caporaso
Annalies Corbin
Ben Ford
Ingo K. Heidbrink
Susan B. M. Langley
Nancy Shoemaker
Joshua M. Smith
William H. Thiesen

The University of Alabama Press
Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0380
uapress.ua.edu

Copyright 2018 by the University of Alabama Press
All rights reserved.

Inquiries about reproducing material from this work should be addressed to the University of Alabama Press.

Typeface: Scala Pro

Cover images: Top two images, lines of USS Arctic as Lightship No. 8 (see )

Cover design: David Nees

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Bisbee, Saxon T., 1986 author.

Title: Engines of rebellion : Confederate ironclads and steam engineering in the American Civil War / Saxon T. Bisbee.

Description: Tuscaloosa, Alabama : The University of Alabama Press, [2018] | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2017053877| ISBN 9780817319861 (cloth) | ISBN 9780817391881 (ebook)

Subjects: LCSH: Confederate States of America. NavyHistory. | Armored vesselsConfederate States of AmericaHistory. | Confederate States of AmericaHistory, Naval. | United StatesHistoryCivil War, 1861-1865Naval operations.

Classification: LCC E596 .B63 2018 | DDC 973.7/13dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017053877

To my morfar [the Swedish term for maternal grandfather], Thomas Duane Larson, who embodied all the best aspects of naval officer, engineer, and learned small-town American

ILLUSTRATIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Pondering and researching is one thing; actually writing is quite another. I have many wonderful people to thank for helping me in this regard; I hope I have not forgotten anyone. First and foremost, I thank Brad Rodgers for his patience and for helping greatly to make my work more readable. I also thank Nathan Richards and Wade Dudley, experts in historical maritime archaeology and the history of sea power. I feel especially privileged to have corresponded closely with Bill Still, an expert on the Confederate navy, through all phases of the research and writing process.

I owe a great deal to Bob Holcombe, who next to Dr. Still is probably the worlds leading expert on Confederate ironclads. There is a large amount of material in this work that he kindly provided, and the book would have been much less comprehensive without his input. I am also grateful to the staff of the Port Columbus Civil War Naval Museum, especially Bruce Smith, Ken Johnston, Jeff Seymour, and Jerry Franklin. Their hospitality and dedication made my research and stay in Georgia very enjoyable.

Other helpful people were David Rousar, who allowed me to use scans of never-before-seen original machinery plans, and Kazimierz Zygadlo and Bil Ragan, for their generous sharing of obscure images and data. Also invaluable were the staffs of the National Archives; Emory Universitys Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library; University of North Carolinas Southern Historical Collection; University of Alabamas Special Collections; the Alabama Department of Archives and History; East Carolina Universitys Joyner Library; the North Carolina Underwater Archaeology Branch; the Virginia Historical Society; the Museum of the Confederacy; the CSS Neuse Interpretive Center; and the Mariners Museum Library.

I thank my family and friends for their love and support on all fronts. A final thanks is also due to Fred Hocker, who initially convinced me to pursue this difficult topic.

A NOTE ON UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

All dimensional units are in feet and inches. Hull lengths and widths, depths, frame dimensions, engine cylinder diameter, and piston stroke were originally conceived, crafted, and noted using that system of measurement and its attendant mindset.

Units of weight are primarily given in tons displacement. This measure represents the amount of water actually displaced by a floating vessel, thus equal to its true weight. Source materials generally make no distinction between the short ton (2,000 pounds) and the long ton (2,240 pounds), although the latter was the primary unit used for calculating displacement.

Tonnage is sometimes given in lieu of displacement; it is a measurement of volume pertaining to all of a ships enclosed space. Tonnage reflects a vessels size, not weight. There are a few different types of tonnage measurement (e.g., gross and net), but register tonnage is the only one found in this work. One register ton is equal to the volume of 100 cubic feet.

Knots are nautical units of speed; a knot is simply 1 nautical mile per hour. One knot is equal to about 1.15 miles per hour. Speed in miles per hour is sometimes presented because that measurement could be used by vessels serving on the extensive inland waterways.

Boilers and engines performed work measured in horsepower (HP). Original sources usually make no distinction between the several kinds of specific HP measurement (e.g., indicated, shaft, or brake); thus it is a general term of power generation. One HP equals about 746 watts.

Pounds per square inch (PSI) and revolutions per minute (RPM) are also commonly encountered. The former relates to the vital consideration of ideal operating steam pressure (especially for boilers), and the latter indicates an engines ideal operating speed (or range of speeds). RPM can also describe the speed at which propellers or paddlewheels are turned.

ONE
ORIGINS, BACKGROUND, AND TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENTS

Offers are invited by this Department... for constructing Engines, Propellors, and boilers for [war] vessels.

Confederate States Navy Department contract form, 1861

Looking back from a twenty-first-century vantage point, we can readily see that virtually all of modern technological society has its origins in the nineteenth century. Rapid and revolutionary changes occurred in the ways people lived, worked, and waged war. Some of the greatest effects of the technological advances of that century were seen in the worlds navies, and from these changes emerged the concept of modern naval engineering and practice. Wooden, sailing line of battleships had seemingly remained little changed for centuries, yet in the mid-nineteenth century they were made obsolete, giving way to vessels armored with iron and steel, equipped with rifled guns, and powered wholly by steam. These powerful weapons were termed ironclads.

The acceptance and spread of the armored, self-propelled warship represented a truly revolutionary change in warfare at sea, and many remarked upon it. A particular event in 1862 spectacularly emphasized that process. According to historian James Baxter, The Elizabethan seadogs who circled the globe with [Sir Francis] Drake might have felt at home in the sailing sloop of war Cumberland, as she sank with colors flying on the 8th of March, 1862. Of the five great naval revolutions of the nineteenth centurysteam, shell guns, the screw propeller, rifled ordnance, and armorone only had influenced her design or equipment. Nothing but her heavy battery of 9-inch smooth-bore shell guns would have seemed wholly unfamiliar to the conquerors of the Spanish Armada. The vessel responsible for the Cumberlands demise, CSS Virginia, was an ironclad, a product of industrialization in Great Britain, France, Russia, and the United States.

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