H. Wayne House - The Evangelical Dictionary of World Religions

T HE EVANGELICAL DICTIONARY
of WORLD RELIGIONS

2018 by Baker Publishing Group

Published by Baker Books

a division of Baker Publishing Group

PO Box 6287, Grand Rapids, MI 49516-6287

www.bakerbooks.com

Ebook edition created 2018

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any meansfor example, electronic, photocopy, recordingwithout the prior written permission of the publisher. The only exception is brief quotations in printed reviews.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is on file at the Library of Congress, Washington, DC.

ISBN 978-1-4934-1590-8

Unless otherwise noted, Scripture quotations are from the Holy Bible, New International Version. NIV. Copyright 1973, 1978, 1984, 2011 by Biblica, Inc. Used by permission of Zondervan. All rights reserved worldwide. www.zondervan.com

Scripture quotations labeled KJV are from the King James Version of the Bible.

Scripture quotations labeled NASB are from the New American Standard Bible, copyright 1960, 1962, 1963, 1968, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1995 by The Lockman Foundation. Used by permission. (www.Lockman.org)

Scripture quotations labeled NKJV are from the New King James Version. Copyright 1982 by Thomas Nelson, Inc. Used by permission. All rights reserved.

Scripture quotations labeled NRSV are from the New Revised Standard Version of the Bible, copyright 1989, by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America. Used by permission. All rights reserved.

Scripture quotations labeled RSV are from the Revised Standard Version of the Bible, copyright 1952 [2nd edition, 1971] by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America. Used by permission. All rights reserved.

Articles by Arnold Fruchtenbaum are Ariel Ministries; used by permission. Material in Deification, Christian View of and Deification, Mormon View of by Ronald V. Huggins was previously published in the Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society ; used by permission. Material in God, Mormon View of by Francis J. Beckwith was previously published in the Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society . Material in Incarnation by Stephen Wellum was previously published in the Southern Baptist Journal of Theology . Material in Jesus, Mormon View of and Smith, Joseph, Jr. by Robert M. Bowman Jr. previously appeared on the Institute for Religious Research website, http://www.irr.org. Material in Journal of Discourses by William McKeever previously appeared on the Mormon Research Ministry website, http://www.mrm.org. Material in Myth by Irving Hexham was previously published in his book Concise Dictionary of Religions . Material in Openness of God and Roman Catholicism by Norman L. Geisler was previously pulished in his books Creating God in the Image of Man and Systematic Theology . Material in Panentheism by Chad V. Meister was previously published in his book Philosophy of Religion . Material in Seventh-day Adventism by Colleen Tinker was previously published in Midwest Christian Outreach, Inc. Journal . Material in Theological Method of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints by Travis S. Kerns was previously published in the Southern Baptist Journal of Theology .

In memory of Bob and Gretchen Passantino, who both passed away in the midst of this project. They were dear friends, and I cherished their friendship for many years.

And in memory of my late wife, Leta, who gave me encouragement on this project from its beginning.

C ONTENTS

L IST OF E NTRIES

C ONTRIBUTORS

A BANES , R ICHARD . Award-winning author/journalist and actor who has written extensively on world religions. Feng Shui; Holy Spirit, Misconceptions about; Native Americans, Mormon View of; Stigmata

A ECHTNER , R EBECCA . PhD, University of Edinburgh. Assistant Curate, Lancaster Priority Church. Rama, Swami; Shiva; Yogananda, Swami Paramahansa

A ECHTNER , T HOMAS . PhD, University of Oxford. Senior Lecturer in Religion and Science, University of Queensland. Sannyasa; Satori; Wahhabiyya Islam

B ARBER , A NTHONY W. PhD, University of Wisconsin, Madison. Director of Asian Studies and Associate Professor of Communication and Culture, University of Calgary. Bardo; Book of the Dead, Tibetan; Buddha, Names of; Darshana; Kalacakra; Tantra; Li Chi / Liji; Nichiren Daishonin; Nichiren Shoshu; Sai Baba, Sathya; Shih Ching / Shijing; Taoism/Daoism

B ATES , T ODD M. PhD, University of Texas, Arlington. Professor of Philosophy, California Baptist University. Apostles, Belief in the Modern Existence of

B ECKWITH , F RANCIS J. PhD, Fordham University. Professor of Philosophy and Church-State Studies and Associate Director of Graduate Studies, Baylor University. God, Mormon View of

B JORNSTAD , J AMES . PhD, New York University. Executive Director, Institute of Contemporary Christianity. Adonai-Shomo; Arhat; Beth el Shaddai Messianic Fellowship; Bodhi; Bodhicitta; Brahma; Butsu-dan; Chela; Dawah; Fana (or Fanaa); Fiqh; Gathas; Ghanta; Gyatso, Geshe Kelsang; Ichinen Sanzen; Kami; Khalsa; Mandala Diagram; Namaste; Occult; Prasadam; Sankirtana; Smriti; Sutra; Tirthankara

B ORLAND , J AMES A. ThD, Grace Theological Seminary. Professor of Philosophy and Theology, Liberty Universit y. Shruti/Sruti

B OWMAN , R OBERT M., J R . PhD, South African Theological Seminary. Executive Director, Institute for Religious Research. Apostles, Belief in the Modern Existence of; Book of Abraham; Book of Mormon; Book of Moses; Christian, Use and Misuse of the Term; Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints; Doctrine and Covenants; False Prophecy; Heaven, Biblical Doctrine of; Jehovahs Witnesses (JW); Jesus, Mormon View of; John 1:1; New World Translation; Pearl of Great Price, The; Reformed Egyptian; Smith, Joseph, Jr.; Standard Works; Talmage, James; Telestial Kingdom; Terrestrial Kingdom; Tetragrammaton

B RANCH , C RAIG . MRE. Researcher and Writer; Former Director of the Apologetics Resource Center. Chakras

C ANER , E MIR . PhD, University of Texas at Arlington. President, Truett-McConnell University. Muslim, Nation of Islam

C ANER , E RGUN . ThD, University of South Africa. Apologist, author, and minister. Sikh Foundation; Zoroaster

C ARRIGAN , C KY J. PhD, Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary. Executive Associate Pastor of Administration and Small Groups, Cornerstone Bible Church. Book of Abraham; Cowdery, Oliver; Dark Skin Curse; Smith, Joseph, III; Talmage, James; Temples in Mormonism

C OLANTER , E DDIE N. MA, Faith and Culture, and MA, Bioethics, Trinity Graduate School, Trinity International University. Vice-Chair and Cofounder of the Intelligent Design and Evolution Awareness Center. Adjunct Professor, University of San Diego. Ahura Mazda

C OOK , D AVID B. PhD, University of Chicago. Associate Professor of Religious Studies, Rice University. Dhimmi; Islam, Basic Beliefs of; Islam, Eschatology of; Jihad; Jizya; Mevlevi Order; Muhammad; Quran; Shariah; Sufism

C ORDUAN , W INFRIED . PhD, Rice University. Professor Emeritus of Philosophy and Religion, Taylor University. Ahmadiyya Islam; Avesta; Soka Gakkai; Yogi; Yoni; Zarathustra (Nietzsche); Zohar

C OWAN , S TEVEN B. PhD, University of Arkansas. Buddhist Scriptures; Jesus, Historical Evidence for; Providence of God; Revelation, General

D EMY , T IMOTHY J. ThD, Dallas Theological Seminary; PhD, Salve Regina University. Professor of Leadership and Ethics, US Naval War College. Ahmad, Mirza Ghulam; Bahullh; Sankara; War and Peace in World Religions