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Donald R. Prothero - The Story of the Earth in 25 Rocks: Tales of Important Geological Puzzles and the People Who Solved Them

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Donald R. Prothero The Story of the Earth in 25 Rocks: Tales of Important Geological Puzzles and the People Who Solved Them
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Every rock is a tangible trace of the earths past. The Story of the Earth in 25 Rocks tells the fascinating stories behind the discoveries that shook the foundations of geology. In twenty-five chapterseach about a particular rock, outcrop, or geologic phenomenonDonald R. Prothero recounts the scientific detective work that shaped our understanding of geology, from the unearthing of exemplary specimens to tectonic shifts in how we view the inner workings of our planet.

Prothero follows in the footsteps of the scientists who askedand answeredgeologys biggest questions: How do we know how old the earth is? What happened to the supercontinent Pangea? How did ocean rocks end up at the top of Mount Everest? What can we learn about our planet from meteorites and moon rocks? He answers these questions through expertly chosen case studies, such as Pliny the Youngers firsthand account of the eruption of Vesuvius; the granite outcrops that led a Scottish scientist to theorize that the landscapes he witnessed were far older than Noahs Flood; the salt and gypsum deposits under the Mediterranean Sea that indicate that it was once a desert; and how trying to date the age of meteorites revealed the dangers of lead poisoning. Each of these breakthroughs filled in a piece of the greater puzzle that is the earth, with scientific discoveries dovetailing with each other to offer an increasingly coherent image of the geologic past. Summarizing a wealth of information in an entertaining, approachable style, The Story of the Earth in 25 Rocks is essential reading for the armchair geologist, the rock hound, and all who are curious about the earth beneath their feet.

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Table of Contents
THE STORY OF THE EARTH IN 25 ROCKS THE STORY OF THE EARTH in ROCKS TALES - photo 1
THE STORY OF THE EARTH IN 25 ROCKS
THE STORY OF THE EARTH in ROCKS TALES OF IMPORTANT GEOLOGICAL PUZZLES AND THE - photo 2
THE STORY OF THE EARTH in ROCKS
TALES OF IMPORTANT GEOLOGICAL PUZZLES AND THE PEOPLE WHO SOLVED THEM
DONALD R. PROTHERO
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS NEW YORK
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS
Publishers Since 1893
New York Chichester, West Sussex
cup.columbia.edu
Copyright 2018 Donald R. Prothero
All rights reserved
E-ISBN 978-0-231-54427-6
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Prothero, Donald R., author.
Title: The story of the Earth in 25 rocks : tales of important geological puzzles and the people who solved them / Donald R. Prothero.
Description: New York : Columbia University Press, [2018] | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017025802 | ISBN 9780231182607 (cloth : alk. paper) | ISBN 9780231544276 (e-book)
Subjects: LCSH: GeologyPopular works. | Geologists. | Earth sciencesPopular works. | Earth (Planet)Popular works.
Classification: LCC QE31 .P76 2018 | DDC 551dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017025802
A Columbia University Press E-book.
CUP would be pleased to hear about your reading experience with this e-book at .
Cover design: Julia Kushnirsky
Cover photos by (top to bottom): Graeme Churchard; C. T. Lee; McGhiever; J. Valley
Frontispiece: Courtesy of Ray Troll
Picture 3
I DEDICATE THIS BOOK TO THE AMAZING GEOLOGISTS WHO MADE THESE DISCOVERIES, ESPECIALLY THOSE WHO INSPIRED ME IN MY CAREER. THESE INCLUDE:
ALFRED WEGENER
JAMES HUTTON
CHARLES LYELL
WILLIAM SMITH
ARTHUR HOLMES
GERRY WASSERBURG
GENE SHOEMAKER
CLAIR PATTERSON
CHARLES D. WALCOTT
JOE KIRSCHVINK
THOMAS HENRY HUXLEY
ALAN COX
G. BRENT DALRYMPLE
KEN HS
GARY ERNST
BILL RYAN
WALTER MUNK
LOUIS AGASSIZ
CONTENTS
Every rock or fossil tells a story. To most people, a rock is just a rock, but to a skilled geologist, a rock is a clue full of valuable evidence that can be read clearlyif you only know how. I often tell students that geology is like the TV series CSI. Geologists and paleontologists act as forensic detectives, piecing together subtle pieces of evidence to reconstruct a crime scene from the pastoften in incredible detail.
Following the style of The Story of Life in 25 Fossils, I have tried to write an accurate but engaging book that is readable and entertaining for lay audiences as well as professionals as a logical sequel. As in The Story of Life in 25 Fossils, each chapter focuses on a particular rock or famous outcrop or important geologic phenomenon. I relate some of the fascinating historical and cultural background that underlies the significance of these rocks or phenomena, and how they changed the way people thought about the earth or about how certain of the earths processes work. In addition, I have tried to weave in the story of the fascinating people who made these discoveries, and how they made them. In most cases, understanding came gradually, with a number of smaller, unexplained discoveries acting as individual pieces of a puzzle. The picture eventually became clear as the pieces were fit together. This theme of unexplained puzzle pieces and their resolution will be found in many of the chapters.
I thank my supportive editor, Patrick Fitzgerald, for suggesting the idea and making many important contributions. I thank Kathryn Jorge at Columbia University Press for overseeing the production of the book and Ben Kolstad at Cenveo for managing the production. I thank Greg Retallack and Nick Fraser for their perceptive comments and suggestions and Paul Hoffman for comments on .
I thank my son, Erik Prothero, for editing and redrawing many of the illustrations in Illustrator and Photoshop. I thank many different people for permission to use their images as credited in the captions.
Finally, I thank my loving and supportive family for all their help: my sons Erik, Zachary, and Theodore, and my amazing wife Dr. Teresa LeVelle.
Live in danger. Build your cities on the slopes of Vesuvius.
FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE
FIRE OF THE GODS
The eruption of a volcano can be a terrifying event. In ancient times, and even today in many different cultures, volcanoes were seen as a sign of the wrath of the gods or a punishment for transgressing divine decrees. Their enormous power, noise, and potential for destruction made volcanoes more feared than any other geologic event except earthquakes. The Romans thought that the fires of the Mount Etna volcano in Sicily were due to the forges of the god of fire, Vulcan (Hephaistos to the Greeks). He used the heat of the underworld to hammer out armor, metalwork, and weapons for the gods (including the thunderbolts thrown by Jupiter/Zeus). When eruptions occurred, it was said that Vulcan was angry because his wife Venus (Aphrodite to the Greeks) had cheated on him. The Romans considered Mount Vesuvius on the Bay of Naples sacred to Hercules (Herakles to the Greeks), and some scholars think that the name Vesuvius is derived from the Greek for son of Zeus (as Herakles was Zeuss son).
Yet one of the first truly scientific descriptions and insights into what a volcano is and how it erupts came from ancient times. In some senses, the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 C.E. can be considered the beginning of our modern understanding of Earth and the event that led to the birth of geology as a science.
At the time, the towns around Mount Vesuvius were prosperous and growing. The Bay of Naples supported a large fishing industry, and wine grapes were grown in many places, including the slopes of Vesuvius itself. Then, as now, the volcanic soils around Vesuvius were too rich to be ignored, and they were valued for growing crops and vines of wine grapes. The Roman emperors had a large villa out on the nearby island of Capri, and many other powerful Romans had homes in the region. Pompeii was a large city with a population of over 20,000, and there were many smaller communities in the region.
Vesuvius had not erupted since 217 B.C.E., so most Romans thought it was extinct. Yet there had been many earthquakes in the 17 years since the great earthquake of 62 C.E. that had destroyed much of Pompeii, Herculaneum, and Neapolis (Naples). As early as 30 B.C.E., the Greek historian Diodorus Siculus described the Campanian plain as fiery (Phlegrean) because Vesuvius showed signs of the fires that had burned long ago.
). Some of the people of Herculaneum and Pompeii evacuated immediately, but there were many left behind, unwilling to leave or unable to do so because there were not enough boats in the harbor and the roads were clogged with traffic and almost 2.8 meters (9 feet) of fallen ash and pumice. Not only was it hard to escape, but it was even hard to breathe with the ash, which choked the lungs of people and animals. But this was only the warm-up. A day later, Vesuvius spewed out many nues ardentes (glowing clouds in French) or pyroclastic flows. These superheated (up to 850C, or 1,560F) mixtures of volcanic gases and ash roared down the mountain slope at 160 kilometers per hour (100 miles per hour), incinerating everything in their path. They buried Herculaneum under tens of meters of volcanic deposits known as tuff.
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