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Donald R. Prothero - The Story of Life in 25 Fossils: Tales of Intrepid Fossil Hunters and the Wonders of Evolution

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Donald R. Prothero The Story of Life in 25 Fossils: Tales of Intrepid Fossil Hunters and the Wonders of Evolution
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Every fossil tells a story. Best-selling paleontology author Donald R. Prothero describes twenty-five famous, beautifully preserved fossils in a gripping scientific history of life on Earth. Recounting the adventures behind the discovery of these objects and fully interpreting their significance within the larger fossil record, Prothero creates a riveting history of life on our planet.

The twenty-five fossils portrayed in this book catch animals in their evolutionary splendor as they transition from one kind of organism to another. We witness extinct plants and animals of microscopic and immense size and thrilling diversity. We learn about fantastic land and sea creatures that have no match in nature today. Along the way, we encounter such fascinating fossils as the earliest trilobite, Olenellus; the giant shark Carcharocles; the fishibian Tiktaalik; the Frogamander and the Turtle on the Half-Shell; enormous marine reptiles and the biggest dinosaurs known; the first bird, Archaeopteryx; the walking whale Ambulocetus; the gigantic hornless rhinoceros Paraceratherium, the largest land mammal that ever lived; and the Australopithecus nicknamed Lucy, the oldest human skeleton. We meet the scientists and adventurers who pioneered paleontology and learn about the larger intellectual and social contexts in which their discoveries were made. Finally, we find out where to see these splendid fossils in the worlds great museums.

Ideal for all who love prehistoric landscapes and delight in the history of science, this book makes a treasured addition to any bookshelf, stoking curiosity in the evolution of life on Earth.

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THE STORY OF LIFE IN 25 FOSSILS
THE STORY OF LIFE in FOSSILS TALES OF INTREPID FOSSIL HUNTERS AND THE WONDERS - photo 1
THE STORY OF LIFE in FOSSILS
TALES OF INTREPID FOSSIL HUNTERS AND THE WONDERS OF EVOLUTION
DONALD R. PROTHERO
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS NEW YORK
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS
Publishers Since 1893
New YorkChichester, West Sussex
cup.columbia.edu
Copyright 2015 Donald R. Prothero
All rights reserved
E-ISBN 978-0-231-53942-5
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Prothero, Donald R.
The story of life in 25 fossils : tales of intrepid fossil hunters and the wonders of evolution / Donald R. Prothero
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-231-17190-8 (cloth : alk. paper)
ISBN 978-0-231-53942-5 (e-book)
1. Fossils.2. Paleontology.3. LifeOrigin.4. Evolution (Biology)I. Title.
QE723.p762015
560dc23
2015003667
A Columbia University Press E-book.
CUP would be pleased to hear about your reading experience with this e-book at .
FRONTISPIECE: THE GEOLOGICAL TIMESCALE. (COURTESY RAY TROLL)
COVER IMAGE: TRUDY NICHOLSON
COVER DESIGN: JULIA KUSHNIRSKY
BOOK DESIGN: VIN DANG
References to Web sites (URLs) were accurate at the time of writing. Neither the author nor Columbia University Press is responsible for URLs that may have expired or changed since the manuscript was prepared.
Picture 2
I DEDICATE THIS BOOK TO OUR GREAT POPULARIZERS AND ADVOCATES OF SCIENCE
NEIL SHUBIN
BILL NYE
NEIL DEGRASSE TYSON
AND
THE LATE CARL SAGAN AND STEPHEN JAY GOULD
CONTENTS
The history of life on Earth is an incredibly complex story. At the present moment, there are somewhere between 5 and 15 million species alive on our planet. Because more than 99 percent of all the species that ever lived are extinct, this suggests that hundreds of millions of species have lived on Earth, and probably a lot more, since the origin of life 3.5 billion years ago or even earlier.
Thus picking just 25 fossils to represent hundreds of millions of extinct species is not an easy task. I tried to focus on fossils that represent important landmarks in evolution. They show us the critical stages of how major groups first evolved or demonstrate the evolutionary transition from one group to another. In addition, life is more than just the origination of new groups. It is an amazing display of diversity in adaptations to size, ecological niches, and habitat. Thus I picked some of the most extreme examples of what life can achieve, from the largest land animal to the largest land predator, to several of the largest extinct creatures ever to swim in the oceans.
Naturally, such a hard choice leaves out many creatures, and I agonized over what to include and what to skip. I tried to focus on examples of fossils that are relatively complete and well known, which excludes many specimens that are too fragmentary to interpret reliably. Given the interests of nonscientist readers, I tended to favor dinosaurs and vertebrates in general. I apologize to all my paleobotanist and micropaleontologist friends for giving their disciplines short shrift with only one chapter apiece.
I hope you will forgive my sins of omission and commission, and embrace the creatures whose stories I have chosen to tell. May they illuminate your life!
I thank Patrick Fitzgerald, Kathryn Schell, and Irene Pavitt at Columbia University Press for all their help with this project. Patrick deserves special thanks for coming up with the idea and making many valuable suggestions. Thanks also to Bruce Lieberman and David Archibald for reviewing the complete draft of the book, and to Mike Everhart and Tom Holtz for reviewing individual chapters. I especially thank Darren Naish for using his encyclopedic knowledge of tetrapods to carefully check the last 15 chapters. The many people who graciously provided the illustrations and photos for this book are acknowledged in the appropriate places. I thank Nobumichi Tamura, Carl Buell, and Mary Persis Williams for their incredible artwork that graces this book.
In addition, I thank my sons, Erik, Zachary, and Gabriel, for their love and support when I was writing it. I especially thank my wonderful wife, Dr. Teresa LeVelle, for her support and encouragement, and for helping me find quiet time to finish the book by deadline.
If the theory [of evolution] be true, it is indisputable that before the lowest Cambrian stratum was deposited, long periods elapsedand the world swarmed with living creatures. [Yet] to the question why we do not find rich fossiliferous deposits belonging to these earliest periodsI can give no satisfactory answer.
CHARLES DARWIN, ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES
DARWINS DILEMMA
When Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species in 1859, the fossil record was a weak spot in his argument. Almost no satisfactory transitional fossils were known, including none of the fossils discussed in this book. The first good one to be discovered was Archaeopteryx in 1861 (). Even more troubling was the absence of any fossils that date to before the earliest period of the Paleozoic era, known as the Cambrian period (beginning about 550 million years ago [see frontispiece]). Of course, the fossil record was poorly known in the mid-nineteenth century, and it had been only 60 years since anyone had begun to note the sequence of fossils in detail. Still, Darwin was puzzled that in the few Precambrian beds below the earliest trilobites, there were no fossils that showed the transitions from simpler animals to trilobites and the other organisms of the Cambrian. Darwin said it all very clearly in the epigraph to this chapter.
Darwin attributed this puzzling lack of fossils to the imperfection of the geological column and the unlikely possibility that most organisms ever fossilize. To a large extent, he was correct. He posed this question to his scientific peers, who for the next century tried desperately to find any kind of fossils older than the trilobites.
Figure 11 Reconstruction of the shallow tide pools on Earth as they looked - photo 3
Figure 1.1
Reconstruction of the shallow tide pools on Earth as they looked for more than 80 percent of lifes history, from 3.5 billion years ago to 550 million years ago. The only visible forms of life were mounds and domes of cyanobacterial mats, known as stromatolites. (Painting by Carl Buell; from Donald R. Prothero, Evolution: What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters [New York: Columbia University Press, 2007], fig. 7.1)
Many geologists already knew the problems with finding fossils that date to the Precambrian. Most Precambrian rocks are so old that they are deeply buried and long ago were heated and put under intense pressure that turned them into metamorphic rocks, so any fossils were likely to have been destroyed. Most rocks that are truly ancient are also likely to have been eroded away, another form of destruction. Even where they are relatively well preserved, the oldest rocks are usually buried under a thick layers of much younger rocks, so there are very limited exposures of them almost anywhere on Earth. All these factors conspired against the idea that we could just easily pick up fossils from Precambrian rocks, as we could from Cambrian rocks.
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