Allen G. Debus - The Chemical Philosophy
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ELEMENTARY CHEMICAL REACTOR ANALYSIS, Rutherford Aris. (40928-7)
GROUP THEORY AND CHEMISTRY, David M. Bishop. (67355-3)
CHEMICAL AND CATALYTIC REACTION ENGINEERING, James J. Carberry. (41736-0)
MOLECULAR QUANTUM ELECTRODYNAMICS, D. P. Craig and T. Thirunamachandran. (40214-2)
CHEMICAL MAGIC, Leonard A. Ford. (Second Edition, revised by E. Winston Grundmeier.) (67628-5)
SYMMETRY AND SPECTROSCOPY: AN INTRODUCTION TO VIBRATIONAL AND ELECTRONIC SPECTROSCOPY, Daniel C. Harris and Michael D. Bertolucci. (66144-X)
ION EXCHANGE, Friedrich Helfferich. (68784-8)
ADVENTURES WITH A MICROSCOPE, Richard Headstrom. (23471-1)
CRYSTAL GROWTH IN GELS, Heinz K. Henisch. (68915-8)
ALCHEMY, E. J. Holmyard. (26298-7)
THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN CHEMISTRY, Aaron J. Ihde. (64235-6)
CRUCIBLES: THE STORY OF CHEMISTRY FROM ANCIENT ALCHEMY TO NUCLEAR FISSION, Bernard Jaffe. (23342-1)
CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY AND REFRACTIVITY, Howard W. Jaffe. (69173-X)
CATALYSIS IN CHEMISTRY AND ENZYMOLOGY, William P. Jencks. (65460-5)
THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES, Cooper H. Langford and Ralph A. Beebe. (68359-1)
ELEMENTS OF CHEMISTRY, Antoine Lavoisier. (64624-6)
RATES AND EQUILIBRIA OF ORGANIC REACTIONS: AS TREATED BY STATISTICAL, THERMODYNAMIC AND EXTRATHERMODYNAMIC METHODS, John E. Leffler and Ernest Grunwald. (66068-0)
THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF CHEMISTRY, Henry M. Leicester. (61053-5)
QUANTUM MECHANICS OF MOLECULAR RATE PROCESSES, Raphael D. Levine. (40692-X)
ALELASTIC AND DIELECTRIC EFFECTS IN POLYMERIC SOLIDS, N. G. McCrum, B. E. Rad, and G. Williams. (66752-9)
QUANTUM MECHANICS, Albert Messiah. (40924-4)
POLYMERS: THE ORIGINS AND GROWTH OF A SCIENCE, Herbert Morawetz. (68732-5)
A SHORT HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY (3RD EDITION), J. R. Partington. (65977-1)
GENERAL CHEMISTRY, Linus Pauling. (65622-5)
ELEMENTARY QUANTUM CHEMISTRY, SECOND EDITION, Frank L. Pilar. (41464-7)
FROM ALCHEMY TO CHEMISTRY, John Read. (28690-8)
INTRODUCTION TO CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, Donald E. Sands. (67839-3)
VECTORS AND TENSORS IN CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, Donald E. Sands. (68505-5)
MODERN QUANTUM CHEMISTRY: INTRODUCTION TO ADVANCED ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE THEORY, Attila Szabo and Neil S. Ostlund. (69186-1)
THEORY OF THE STABILITY OF LYOPHOBIC COLLOIDS, E. J. W. Verwey and J. Th. G. Overbeek. (40929-5)
MAGNETIC ATOMS AND MOLECULES, William Weltner, Jr. (66140-7)
Paperbound unless otherwise indicated. Available at your book dealer, online at wwwdoverpublications.com, or by writing to Dept. 23, Dover Publications, Inc., 31 East 2nd Street, Mineola, NY 11501. For current price information or for free catalogues (please indicate field of interest), write to Dover Publications or log on to www.doverpublications.com and see every Dover book in print. Each year Dover publishes over 500 books on fine art, music, crafts and needlework, antiques, languages, literature, childrens books, chess, cookery, nature, anthropology, science, mathematics, and other areas.
Manufactured in the USA.
The chemical philosopher, J. B. van Helmont, illumined by the light shed by chemical knowledge (in contrast to Galen, Avicenna, and Theophrastus). From J. B. van Helmont, Aufgang der Artzney-Kunst (Sulzbach, 1683).
To Bruni
Copyright
Copyright 1977 by Allen G. Debus
All rights reserved under Pan American and International Copyright Conventions.
Published in the United Kingdom by David & Charles, Brunel House, Forde Close, Newton Abbot, Devon TQ12 4PU.
Bibliographical Note
This Dover edition, first published in 2002, is an unabridged republication, with some minor corrections, of the work first published as The Chemical Philosophy: Paracelsian Science and Medicine in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, Volume I and Volume II, by Science History Publications, a division of Neale Watson Academic Publications, Inc., New York, in 1977. A new Preface and a list of errata have been prepared especially for this edition by the author.
Dover Publications wishes to thank Neale W. Watson, of Watson Publishing International, for his kind assistance in making this new edition possible.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Debus, Allen G.
The chemical philosophy / Allen G. Debus.
p. cm.
Originally published: New York : Science History Publications, 1977.
A new preface and a list of errata have been prepared especially for this edition by the author-T.p. verso.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
9780486150215
1. Chemistry-History. 2. Paracelsus, 1493-1541. 3. Medicine-History-16th century. 4. Medicine-History-17th century. I. Title.
QD14 .D43 2002
540.9031-dc21
2002017457
Manufactured in the United States of America
Dover Publications, Inc., 31 East 2nd Street, Mineola, N.Y. 11501
Forty years ago the Scientific Revolution was generally interpreted as a progression from Copernicus to Kepler and Galileo, culminating in the Principia Mathematica of Isaac Newton (1687). Emphasis was placed on the acceptance of the heliocentric universe, the development of the mechanical philosophy, and an experimental approach to the understanding of nature. This was largely a positivistic approach to the subject that focused on the exact sciences and relegated to the sidelines important contemporary developments in chemistry, biology and medicine. The events leading to the discovery of the circulation of the blood by William Harvey in 1628 are a notable exception, included because Harvey seemed to fit the model of scientific progress that was desired by mid-twentieth century historians.
As a graduate student in the history of science trained originally in chemistry I was struck by the extensive chemical literature of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The authors of these works frequently wrote of their chemical philosophy, an approach to nature which they thought to be the proper replacement for the works of the ancient philosophers and physicians which were still entrenched at the universities. For them it was not mathematics or the laws of motion which were to be the basis of a new understanding of nature, but rather an observational chemical investigation of man and the great world about us. The early sixteenth-century figure Paracelsus inspired many toward this end. His disciples sought to replace the teachings of the Aristotelians and Galenists, and in the course of the seventeenth century they found themselves in conflict not only with the followers of the ancients, but with the more recent mechanists as well.
In writing the present book my goal was to describe the views of these early modern chemists and to follow their debates with others. The Chemical Philosophy was completed after a year at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton and published in 1977. The book was awarded the Pfizer Prize of the History of Science Society in 1978, but it was printed in a relatively small edition that was exhausted in a few years. Since then it has been translated into Japanese, but the original edition has become difficult to locate on the used book market. For this reason a reprint has seemed appropriate.
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