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Linda J. Ivanits With a foreword by Felix J . Oinas Design and illustrations by Sophie Schiller
M. E. Sharpe, Inc. Armonk, New York, and London, England
Page iv
First paperback printing 1992
Copyright 1989 by M. E. Sharpe, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the publisher, M. E. Sharpe, Inc. 80 Business Park Drive, Armonk, New York 10504.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Ivanits, Linda J., 1942 Russian folk belief. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. FolkloreRussian S.F.S. R. 2. TalesRussian S.F.S.R. I. Title GR203.R88193 1989 398'.0947 87-32067 ISBN 0-87332-889-02 CIP
Printed in the United States of America
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.481984.
MA(c) 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 MA(p) 10 9 8 7 6
Page v
For Laci (and Pioci, too!)
Page vi
European Russia before the Revolution Map by Laszlo Ivanits
Page vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword by Felix J. Oinas
ix
Preface
xiii
Part 1 Folk Beliefs about the Supernatural
1. The Pagan Background
3
2. Christian Personages
19
3. The Devil
38
4. Spirits of the House and Farmstead
51
5. Spirits of the Forest, Waters, and Fields
64
6. Russian Sorcery
83
7. ''Spoiling" and Healing
103
Part 2 Folk Narratives about the Supernatural
Legends, Fabulates, and Memorates
127
Creation Legends
130
Biblical Personages and Saints
136
Devils
154
The Domovoi and Other Domestic Spirits
169
Nature Spirits
178
Sorcerers and Witches
190
Notes
207
Bibliography
235
Subject Index
245
Place Name Index
253
Name Index
255
About the Author
257
Page ix
FOREWORD
Folk beliefs have aroused considerable interest in Russia, among folklorists and laymen alike. This interest first manifested itself in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries with reports in the ethnographic journals Etnograficheskoe obozrenie and Zhivaia starina, etc., and book-size surveys by Anichkov, Maksimov, Zelenin, and others. In the harsh years of Stalinism interest in folk belief subsided, but it revived in the second half of the century, resulting in significant studies by Tokarev and Pomerantseva. Unfortunately, the work done in Russia has been virtually inaccessible in the West, primarily because of language difficulties. Only Felix Haase's Volksglaube und Brauchtum der Ostslaven (1939) has served as the gateway to Russian mythology. The readers of English will therefore undoubtedly welcome the publication of Professor Linda J. Ivanits's thorough survey of Russian folk beliefs.
Although Russia has just celebrated the millennium of her Christianization, pagan beliefs remained so deeply imbedded among the population that the Christian church could hardly gain a foothold. This is to a considerable degree due to the low standing and ineffectiveness of the teachers of Christianitythe village clergy. The Russian clergy was poorly educated 1 and suffered under severe social and economic plight. Donald W. Treadgold characterized the clergy as ''a poverty-stricken group; many of its members were notorious for drunkenness and loose living, were objects of scorn or amusement to the villagers rather than respect, and were locked in an unending battle for an extra kopeck
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