Suraiya Faroqhi - The Ottoman Empire and the World around it

~ For Virginia Aksan in friendship ~

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First published in paperback in 2006 by I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd
First published in hardback by I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd in 2004
Copyright Suraiya Faroqhi 2004

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The Library of Ottoman Studies 7

ISBN 978 1 84511 122 9
eISBN 978 0 85773 023 7

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For Ottoman-Turkish words, modern Turkish spelling according to Redhouse Yeni Trkengilizce Szlk, New Redhouse TurkishEnglish Dictionary of 1968 (Istanbul: Redhouse Press) has been used. Only those words denoting places, people and terms of the Islamic realm that never formed part of the Ottoman world have been rendered in the transliteration used in The Encyclopedia of Islam (2nd edition, 1960). ed. by H.A.R. Gibb et alii (Leiden: E. J. Brill). Where there exists an accepted English name for a city or region, this has been preferred, i.e. Aleppo as opposed to Halep or Halab, Syria as opposed to m.

The present volume contains a good many dates that I have found in sources using only Common Era (CE) datings. This means that the relevant Islamic year normally encompasses two years, and in order to avoid beginning with a hyphenated expression, I have put the CE date first. When giving the birth and death dates of individuals, or the dates between which a given ruler was in power, the first date mentioned is always the first of the two hicri years into which his/her birth or accession is known to have fallen. As to the second date, it is the second of the two hicri years corresponding to the relevant persons death or dethronement, thus for example: Sleyman the Magnificent (r. 152066/92674). For twentieth- and twenty-first-century dates, there are no hicri equivalents.

In the notes only CE dates have been used unless we are dealing with the date of an archival document. Since this is normally in Ottoman, the hicri date will be a single year, and its CE equivalent has to be hyphenated. In consequence when giving the date of an archival document the hicri date will come first.

Many colleagues and students have helped in the preparation of this book, and as the Turkish saying goes however much I thank them it will be too little. A large part of the writing was done while I was a fellow at the Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin in 20012. I owe a great debt to the other fellows, who did much to enlarge my horizons, but particularly to Gesine Bottomley and her team, who obtained books for me whenever I wanted them, and were ever ready to locate outlandish bibliographical information. Mitchell Cohen contributed his expertise as an editor. Barbara Sanders of the secretariat as well as Wiebke Gse and Petra Sonnenberg of the computer department helped to process the correspondence this manuscript occasioned, ironed out word processing problems and upon occasion, patiently listened to the lamentations without which no book apparently gets written. Back in Munich, Yavuz Kse has been a tower of strength; without his efficiency, I do not think I could have written very much, given the university bureaucracy that seems to increase in inverse proportion to the means actually available for historical research. The Library of the American Research Institute in Turkey (ARIT/Istanbul) furnished some books I had not been able to find elsewhere; thanks to Anthony Greenwood and Glden Gneri. During the weeks that I was based in Istanbul, Pnar Kesen most graciously helped with the editing; and last but not least, I have Christoph Knttel to thank for his aid with the index, and Yvonne Grossmann for drawing the maps.

Too numerous to list are the colleagues who have supplied me with material and good advice, and I crave the pardon of anyone that I may have forgotten. Virginia Aksan provided me with insights into the problems of war and peace from the Ottoman perspective, particularly by allowing me to read her as yet unpublished manuscript. Stephanos Boulaisikis, Nikolas Pissis and Anna Vlachopoulos introduced me to Greek travel accounts and translated modern Greek texts for me. Penelope Stathe, Marie Elisabeth Mitsou and Albrecht Berger provided further information on this to me arcane subject. Many thanks for that and for their overall interest in the emerging work. To Maria Pia Pedani Fabris, I am grateful for sharing her profound knowledge of the documents in the Venetian archives, and above all for a copy of the relazioni that she has edited, all but impossible to locate otherwise as the publisher has gone out of business. Without the help of Minna Rozen, I would not have known anything about the Jewish travellers whose silhouettes fleetingly appear on the pages of this book, while Ina Baghdiantz McCabe has provided pointers to the accounts of Armenian travellers available in translation. To Nicolas Vatin, I am much obliged for letting me read his article on illegal enslavement in the Ottoman realm before it actually appeared in print, while Enis Batur has presented me with several publications put out by Yap ve Kredi Yaynlar: my heartiest thanks. Vera Costantini has generously provided information on the Cyprus war, but perhaps more importantly, contributed much through her laughter and love of life.

In addition, there are the people who have read the manuscript and tried very hard to make it into a better book; if I did not take all of their excellent advice, I have no one to blame but myself. Apart from an anonymous reader, whose incisive criticisms I have done my special best to take into account, I extend my warmest thanks to Virginia Aksan, Robert Dankoff, Christopher Hann and Ildik Bller-Hann, Leslie Peirce, Gilles Veinstein and above all, Christoph Neumann, whose patience has been almost without limits. At I. B. Tauris, Lester Crook has been a most understanding editor, providing tea and endless sympathy when accommodating my intrusions and listening to my follies. All these people have made time in their busy schedules in order to respond to me and my queries, and I can only hope that they will find the results acceptable at least to some degree.