Hans Schippers - Westerweel Group: Non-Conformist Resistance Against Nazi Germany

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Hans Schippers

Westerweel Group: Non-Conformist Resistance Against Nazi Germany

New Perspectives on Modern Jewish History

Edited by
Cornelia Wilhelm

Volume 11

This book is the revised version of the Dutch edition:

De Westerweelgroep en de Palestinapioniers.

Nonconformistisch verzet in de Tweede Wereldoorlog

2015 Hans Schippers & Uitgeverij Verloren

www.verloren.nl

The publication of this book was made possible by:

Stichting Democratie en Media, Amsterdam

The Municipality of Rotterdam,

Gravin van Bylandt Stichting, The Hague.

Translator: R.J. Salfrais, Amsterdam

Editor: Jeanne Bovenberg-Meyers

ISBN 978-3-11-058000-6

e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-058270-3

e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-058014-3

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018963877

Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek

The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie;

detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de.

2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Cover image: Group of Palestine pioneers in Barcelona in September 1944 (private collection).

www.degruyter.com

List of Images

Abbreviations

GFHA	Ghetto Fighters House Archives, Lochamei Hagetaot, Israel
JHM	Joods Historisch Museum, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
MS	Mmorial de la Shoah, Paris, France
Priv. Coll.	Private Collection

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Timeline

1899	Joop Westerweel born in Zutphen.
1910	First Palestine Pioneers in the Netherlands start agricultural training.
1923	Westerweel gets job as a teacher in the Dutch Indies. He is imprisoned for several months when he refuses to do his militia service. December 1924 he is expelled to the Netherlands.
1925	He works as a teacher in Amsterdam. In 1932 Westerweel and his wife Wil transfer to the Kees Boekeschool in Bilthoven. Active in various left-wing movements.
1933	Adolf Hitler takes power in Germany.
1934	Opening of the Werkdorp Wieringermeer for young German-Jewish refugees.
1939	Training for pioneers starts in Loosdrecht Pavilion. In total over 800 mainly German and Austrian pioneers stay in the Werkdorp and other similar facilities.
May 1940	German invasion of the Netherlands. Joop Westerweel headmaster at the Montessori School in Rotterdam.
Nov 1940	Jewish civil servants get fired. Anti-Jewish agitation by Dutch Nazis.
1941	Februari staking (February Strike) in and around Amsterdam against persecution of Jews. Formation of the Jewish Council.
1941	Process of isolation and discrimination of Dutch Jews continues. Jews are forbidden to visit parks, cinemas and use public transport.
1942 May 3 rd	Jews are forced to wear a yellow Star of David.
1942 July 15 th	First Jews are transported from Amsterdam via Westerbork to Auschwitz.
1942 End of July/ early August	Westerweel Group was founded in Loosdrecht with Mirjam Waterman, Menachem Pinkhof, Shushu Simon, Joop Westerweel, Bouke Koning, and Jan Smit as core members.
1942 Middle of August	Start of hiding operation of 50 pioneers from Loosdrecht.
1942 October	Attempt to bring eight pioneers to Switzerland fails due to betrayal.
Late 1942/early 1943	Increasing number of pioneers calls for help from the Westerweel Group to go into hiding.
1943 Spring	Hiding places in the North of Limburg become available. Document forger Frans Gerritsen joins the group. Start of the route to France.
1943 Summer/Autumn	Around 150 Palestine Pioneers travel as workers of the Organization Todt to France. Start of collaboration with the Arme Juive to escape to Spain.
1943 Autumn	Betrayal in Rotterdam. Ten people get arrested among whom Wil Westerweel, Joops wife.
Early 1944	First successful crossing of a larger group of pioneers to Spain. In total some 70 pioneers will reach Spain.
1944 March	Joop Westerweel and Bouke Koning are arrested at the Belgian border in Budel. 22 nd of August 1944 Joop Westerweel is executed in Vught.
1944 May	Due to betrayal over twenty members of the Westerweel group are arrested in separate cases in Paris and the Netherlands.
1944 September	Most of the southern part of the country is liberated. The Westerweel Group ends its activities. Local resistance groups take over most of the care of some 100 pioneers.
May 5 th 1945	Capitulation of the German forces in The Netherlands.

Introduction

During my masters thesis research in 1973 into the history of the left-wing socialist Mapam party, I happened to meet several former members of the Westerweel group in kibbutz Yakum. I was familiar with the name Westerweel group from the publications of Prof. J. Presser and Prof. L. de Jong as one of the few resistance organizations in the Netherlands in which Jews and non-Jews worked together during the Second World War. However, the stories told to me by several former members of the groupabout the hiding operations, escapes from Westerbork and journeys over the Pyrenees to Spainwere new to me and extremely fascinating.

Their stories, moreover, were not triumphant, but rather subdued and permeated with the realization that many comrades had fallen into German hands. The non-Jewish helpers were always mentioned with respect. Without them, going into hiding and carrying out the activities that followed later would not have been possible.

In Yakum, I was also encouraged, as a prospective historian, to consider researching this subject after my graduation. I agreed that this would indeed be interesting, but as we know, practical matters often stand in the way of the realization of such resolutions. Forty years later, here is the book.

The main reason for describing the history of the Westerweel group is its unique character. The groups members and helpers, Jewish and non-Jewish had different social backgrounds and political orientations. A second reason is that there was no fully researched monograph about the Westerweel groups activities when I started work on this book. I wanted to correct this omission.

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