| I have many personal debts to acknowledge in this field, principally to Ian Watt, Moses Finley, Michael Cole, and David Olson, but also to many others who have offered advice, criticism, or comments over the years. I would also like to thank Ruth Daniel for her help with the proofs. |
| Some of the studies that follow are published here for the first time; others have previously appeared elsewhere. Chapter 2 combines the article "Oral Cultures," published in International Encyclopedia of Communications, ed. E. Barnouw (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989, 226-29), with a piece given as a Darwin Lecture and published in Memory, ed. Patricia Fara and Karalyn Patterson (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); chapter 4 was presented at a conference at the Stanford Humanities Center and is reprinted, with permission of the publishers, from Chronotypes: The Construction of Time, ed. J. Bender and D. Wellbery (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1991 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University); chapter 5 was published in Visible Language 20, no. 3 (1986): 3 18-43, and was given as the McLuhan Lecture, 1986, sponsored by Teleglobe Canada; chapter 6 arose from a contribution to a debate at the Centre Pompidou, Paris, in February 1995; chapter 7 was prepared for a conference at Leiden and is to be published in a volume edited by K. van der Toorn; chapter 8 arose out of a lecture given to the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.; and chapter 9 is based on a talk given at the Bibliothque nationale de France, Paris. I thank the editors of the |
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