Donald Campbell - Arabian Medicine and its Influence on the Middle Ages: Volume I

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Trbners Oriental Series

ARABIAN MEDICINE AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE MIDDLE AGES

Trbners Oriental Series

ARABIC HISTORY AND CULTURE

In 6 Volumes

I	Arabian Medicine and its Influence on the Middle Ages Vol I
Donald Campbell
II	Arabian Medicine and its Influence on the Middle Ages Vol II
Donald Campbell
III	Studies: Indian and Islamic
S Khuda Bukhsb
IV	A Short History of the Fatimid Khalifate
De Lacy OLeary
V	Arabia Before Muhammad
De Lacy OLeary
VI	Arabic Thought and its Place in History
De Lacy OLeary

ARABIAN MEDICINE AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE MIDDLE AGES

VOL I

DONALD CAMPBELL

First published in 1926 by
Routledge, Trench, Trbner & Co Ltd

Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group

First issued in paperback 2011

1926 Donald Campbell

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

The publishers have made every effort to contact authors/copyright holders of the works reprinted in Trbners Oriental Series. This has not been possible in every case, however, and we would welcome correspondence from those individuals/companies we have been unable to trace.

These reprints are taken from original copies of each book. In many cases the condition of these originals is not perfect. The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of these reprints, but wishes to point out that certain characteristics of the original copies will, of necessity, be apparent in reprints thereof.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A CIP catalogue record for this book
is available from the British Library

Arabian Medicine and its Influence on the Middle Ages
ISBN 978-0-415-24462-6 (hbk)
ISBN 978-0-415-51083-7 (pbk)
Arabic History and Culture: 6 Volumes
ISBN 978-0-415-24285-1
Trbners Oriental Series
ISBN 978-0-415-23188-6

Map 1 is an outline sketch (on Mercators Projection) of the Empire of Islam in the year A.D. 750, and illustrates the wide extent of the territories under the Bway of the Caliphs of Islam, during the age of Arabian rumours in the Latin West.

Map 2 illustrates the territorial relationship between the Latin scholars of the West of Europe and the Arabic Caliphate of the West in the year A.D. 1097.The position of Toledo, surrounded as it was on three sides by Moslem territory, will be noted, as it was of first importance in the transference of Arabic Medicine to the Latin West.

ARABIAN MEDICINE

AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE MIDDLE AGES

BY

DR DONALD CAMPBELL

Captain late Royal Army Medical Corps, and formerly Indian Army Reserve of Officers, Infantry Branch

VOL. I

LONDON

KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., LTD.
BROADWAY HOUSE: 6874 CARTER LANE, E.C.
1926

I N these pages I have attempted to place before the reader the origin and development of Arabian Medicine and its subsequent cultivation among the Arabistae of the Latin west. The material used by me has been fully credited both in the body of the work, the footnotes and in the bibliography, and where I have inadvertently omitted the name of any of the giants whose writings I have studied, and to whom I owe a debt of gratitude, I here beg to offer my apologies.

In the latter half of this volume, I have treated on Mediaeval Medicine, which is but a modification of Arabian Medicine as understood by the scholastics who based their systems on what are shown to be indifferent Latin versions of the Arabic writings of Islam, which in turn were versions of the Syriac translations of the Greek texts. The period treated of in this work is considered both one of the most importantand most difficult of historical studies, so that it is my sincere hope that this small contribution of mine to the study of this interesting subject will not be judged too harshly, but that this effort which constitutes the first attempt to compile such a work in the English language, will prove not only of interest, but of value, to those who propose to take a journey down the dim corridors of the past in order to mingle with the monks, knights, and arabists who are our intellectual forbears.

That I was able to compile these two volumes is due to my supervisor Dr. Charles Singer, whose guidance and assistance has been the means of placing me on the rails of original research.

T HE romantic history of the rise and efflorescence of Arabian Medicine which finds its roots in Hellenistic culture, is more than a historical curiosity. With the decline of the Graeco-Roman civilization, the movement of culture-drift was eastward, passing through the hands of the Syriac scholars of Asia Minor, the torch of classical culture distorted though it was in the light of Islamitic teaching was carried by the Arabic scholars who added to it all that was not in conflict with the religious tenets of Mahomet in the writings of the East.

It is necessary to point out that the term Arabian Medicine must be understood as synonymous with Arabic Medicine, as the language of the learned in the Empire of Islam was Arabic, just as Latin was the linguistic medium of the educated in Western Europe, Further, the term Arabian does not necessarily imply an Arab, for the Persians and Nestorians in the East, and the Spaniards and Jews in the West, took the principal part in the development of medicine which was expressed in the Arabic language during the dominancy of the Empire of Islam: the only prominent Arabic writer of pure Arab stock was al-Kindi, who was known to the European scholastics as Alkindus. The subject races of Islam adopted Arabic in furtherance of their national aims; this is well exemplified in the work of Joseph Saadiah (892941), who was head of the Talmudic school at Sura near Babylon; the Rabbi who was the first to attempt a scientific Hebrew grammar, wrote in Arabic.

With the expansion of the territories of Islam into Europe, the seventh to the twelfth centuries saw Islam and Christendom in intimate contact in Spain and Sicily, which were the two principal points from which the Latin West drew on Graeco-Arabic Medicine. After the fall of Syracuse (in Sicily) into the hands of the Arabians in A.D. 878, Sicily became a seat of Arabic culture until the year 1061, when the Normans under Guiscard and Roger, sons of Tancred, began the conquest of the island, completing it in 1091. It was not until the twelfth century that the Kingdom of the two Sicilies came into existence, and passing through a chequered page in history, it finally disappeared in the year 1861, when it was joined to the Kingdom of Italy, as a result of the laying down of the dictatorship by Garibaldi.

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