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Richard E. Davies - Salvation As a Mechanical Process: Do Christians Need to Believe that Jesus Died for Their Sins?

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Salvation As a Mechanical Process: Do Christians Need to Believe that Jesus Died for Their Sins?: summary, description and annotation

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Christians have been taught that Jesus died on the cross to pay a fine or ransom to expiate or atone for our sins. Furthermore, they have been taught that the death of Jesus is the only way individuals can receive eternal salvation. In general, this notion is called the doctrine of blood atonement or penal substitution, or some similar name.
One reason for this teaching is that the development of Newtonian mechanics has led us to believe that Gods laws of salvation must be as easy to understand as the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century laws of our physical world.
This book demonstrates that there are alternatives for understanding Jesus execution that are consistent with the twentieth- and twenty-first-century understanding of our physical world. In fact, the early Christian writers (including the Bible itself) described these alternatives. Sacrifice was only one form of the early Christian narrative explaining the death of Jesus.
Although blood atonement was understandable in ancient Roman culture, it is not understandable in our culture. The inevitable conclusion is that we should abandon blood atonement and develop one of the alternative ways of understanding the cosmic significance of Jesus execution.

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Salvation As a Mechanical Process Do Christians Need to Believe that Jesus - photo 1
Salvation As a Mechanical Process

Do Christians Need to Believe that Jesus Died for Their Sins?

by Richard E. Davies

Salvation as a Mechanical Process Do Christians Need to Believe that Jesus - photo 2

Salvation as a Mechanical Process

Do Christians Need to Believe that Jesus Died for Their Sins?

Copyright 2020 Richard E. Davies. All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in critical publications or reviews, no part of this book may be reproduced in any manner without prior written permission from the publisher. Write: Permissions, Wipf and Stock Publishers, W. th Ave., Suite , Eugene, OR 97401 .

Wipf & Stock

An Imprint of Wipf and Stock Publishers

W. th Ave., Suite

Eugene, OR 97401

www.wipfandstock.com

paperback isbn: 978-1-5326-9453-0

hardcover isbn: 978-1-5326-9454-7

ebook isbn: 978-1-5326-9455-4

Manufactured in the U.S.A. January 30, 2020

Unless otherwise noted, all photographs and illustrations are by the author and are included in the copyright claim.

Biblical quotations identified as NRSV as well as those not otherwise identified are from the NRSV: New Revised Standard Version Bible, copyright 1989 National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America. Used by permission. All rights reserved worldwide.

Scripture quotations marked (NIV) are taken from the Holy Bible, New International Version, NIV. Copyright 1973 , 1978 , 1984 , 2011 by Biblica, Inc. Used by permission of Zondervan. All rights reserved worldwide. www.zondervan.com. The NIV and New International Version are trademarks registered in the United States Patent and Trademark Office by Biblica, Inc.

List of Illustrations

Timeline of scientists and Wesley

Apollo with grain offering and libation pan

Bull being brought to sacrifice

Sacrificial recordkeeping

Bull being examined after having been sacrificed

Small terra cotta votive model bovine decorated for sacrifice

Egyptian god Ra emanating rays in the form of flowers

Greek interpretation of Dana receiving the Golden Shower from Zeus

Picture of Macedonian coin identifying Herakles as soter (savior)

Timeline of Gospel composition

Bringing gifts to a deceased person

Lar pouring a libation and a pan specifically intended for libations

Lamp cover featuring entwined snakes

Crucifixion (detail) by Lippo Memmi, 1340

Schematic of the Anastasis icon

Icon remembering the Melanesian martyrs

Ancient depiction of facial expression of emotion

Case study of ancient emotional depiction

Acknowledgments

I should thank my teachers from long ago, Samuel Laeuchli and Paul Hessert, for giving me the tools with which I might write a book such as this. I am definitely not suggesting that they would support my contentions in this book, but they were both wonderful teachers.

Thanks to good friends Gary Vencill, Warren Lewis, and Adam Bartholomew for reading and critiquing a draft of this book. Again, this is not to say that they agree with me, but they are good enough friends to patiently critique and contend.

And thanks to my wife and daughter who read, commented, and encouraged.

Richard Davies

List of Abbreviations

Aen.Virgil. Aeneid . Two translations are available at http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/searchresults?q=Aeneid.

ANF Roberts, Alexander, and James Donaldson, eds. Ante-Nicene Fathers . vols. Buffalo: Christian Literature, 1885 . https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf.i.html.

Apoc. Pet .Apocalypse of Peter. In The Nag Hammadi Scriptures: The International Edition , edited by Marvin Meyer, . New York: HarperOne, 2007 .

Apol .Justin Martyr. First Apology . In ANF , edited by Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson, :. Buffalo: Christian Literature, 1885 .

Apol .Justin Martyr. Second Apology . In ANF , edited by Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson, :. Buffalo: Christian Literature, 1885 .

CCLIChristian Copyright Licensing International

Cels .Origen. Against Celsus . In ANF , edited by Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson, :. Buffalo: Christian Literature, 1885 .

Civ .Augustine. City of God . In NPNF , edited by Philip Schaff, translated by Marcus Dods, :. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1886 .

De or. Cicero. De oratore .

Descr .Pausanias. Description of Greece . http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text: 1999 .. 0160 .

Dial .Justin Martyr. Dialogue with Trypho . In ANF , edited by Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson, :. Buffalo: Christian Literature, 1885 .

Did . Didache (or Teaching of the Twelve Apostles ). In The Apostolic Fathers , translated by Kirsopp Lake, :. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1912 .

Diogn .The Epistle to Diognetus. In The Apostolic Fathers , translated by Kirsopp Lake, :. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, .

FC Fathers of the Church Patristic Series, Catholic University of America Press, 1999 .

Flacc .Philo of Alexandria. Against Flaccus . http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/yonge/book.html.

Haer .Irenaeus. Against Heresies . In ANF , edited by Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson, :. Buffalo: Christian Literature, 1885 .

Hist .Livy. The History of Rome . Various translations available at http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/searchresults?q=livy.

Hist. eccl .Eusebius. Church History .

Ign. Eph .Ignatius. Epistle to the Ephesians. In The Apostolic Fathers , translated by Kirsopp Lake, :. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1912 . Also in ANF , edited by Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson, :. Buffalo: Christian Literature, 1885 .

Ign. Rom .Ignatius. Epistle to the Romans. In The Apostolic Fathers , translated by Kirsopp Lake, :. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1912 .

Ign. Phld .Ignatius. Epistle to the Philadelphians. In The Apostolic Fathers , translated by Kirsopp Lake, :. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1912 .

Ign. Smyrn .Ignatius. Epistle to the Smyrnaeans. In The Apostolic Fathers , translated by Kirsopp Lake, :. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1912 . Also in ANF , edited by Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson, :. Buffalo: Christian Literature, 1885 .

Il.Homer, Iliad .

Marc .Tertullian. Against Marcion . In ANF , edited by Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson, :. Buffalo: Christian Literature, 1885 .

Nat .Pliny the Elder. Natural History . http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text: 1999 .. 0137 .

Nat .Tertullian. Ad Nationes [ To the Heathen ]. In ANF , edited by Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson, :. Buffalo: Christian Literature, 1885 .

Nem .Pindar. Nemean Odes . http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%Atext%A 1999 .. 0162 %Abook%DN.%Apoem%D.

NPNF Schaff, Philip, ed. A Select Library of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, First Series . Translated by Marcus Dods. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1886 .

NPNF Schaff, Philip, and Henry Wace, eds. A Select Library of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, Second Series . vols. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1892 .

Od .Homer. Odyssey . Two translations are available at http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/searchresults?q=Odyssey.

Or .Tertullian. De oratione (On prayer). In ANF , edited by Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson, :. Buffalo: Christian Literature, 1885 .

Pracscr .Tertullian. Prescription Against Heretics . In ANF , edited by Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson, :. Buffalo: Christian Literature, 1885 .

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