Peter Heather - Christendom

1. PART ONE :
   The Romanization of Christianity
2. PART TWO :
   The Fall of Roman Christianity
3. PART THREE :
   Christian Empire Renewed

Peter Heather is Chair of Medieval History at Kings College, London. His many books include The Fall of the Roman Empire, Empires and Barbarians: Migration, Development and the Birth of Europe, The Restoration of Rome and, most recently, Rome Resurgent.

. Constantines vision. Miniature from the Homilies of St Gregory of Nazianzus, Byzantine, 87983. Bibliothque Nationale de France, Paris, MS Gr510, fol. 44r. (Photo: copyright BnF)

. Constantine and the Council of Nicaea, with the burning of Arian books. Drawing from a compendium of canon law, Northern Italy, c. 825. Biblioteca Capitolare, Vercelli, MS CLXV. (Photo: Picture Art Collection/Alamy)

. Opening of the Gospel of Thomas, Sahidic dialect, fourth century. Coptic Museum, Cairo, Nag Hammadi codex II. (Photo: Bible Land Pictures/Alamy)

. Interior of the Basilica of Constantine (Aula Palatina), originally built c. 310, Trier, Germany. (Photo: Bridgeman Images)

. The Conversion of St Augustine by Fra Angelico, c. 143035. Musee dArt Thomas Henry, Cherbourg. (Photo: Heritage Image Partnership/Alamy)

. Limonite magical gem with Ankh and Sacrifice of Isaac, Egyptian, fifth century. British Museum, London, BM OA.9940. (Photo: copyright Trustees of the British Museum)

. The Altar of Hieron II (Ara Ierone), third century BC, Syracuse, Sicily. (Photo: Allie Caulfield/Flickr Creative Commons)

. The Temple of Trajan, early second century, Pergamon, Turkey. (Photo: istockphoto)

. Christian cross carved into older hieroglyph reliefs, Isis temple at Philae, Aswan, Egypt. (Photo: Cortyn/Shutterstock)

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. Denarius of Domitian depicting a temple of Serapis, Rome mint, 956. Mnzkabinett der Staatlichen Museen, Berlin. (Photo. copyright 2022 Scala, Florence/bpk, Berlin)

. Codex Argenteus, probably Ravenna, Italy, sixth century. Uppsala University Library, Uppsala, MS DG 1, fol. 52 r. (Photo: Uppsala University Library)

. Mosaic of the Palace of Theoderic, sixth century, Basilica of St Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna. (Photo: istockphoto)

. The baptism of Clovis I in 498. Detail from an ivory book cover, Reims, ninth century. Muse de Picardie, Amiens. (Photo: Josse/Bridgeman Images)

. Iconoclasts whitewashing an icon of Christ, illumination in the margin of Psalm 68, from the Khludov Psalter, Byzantine, ninth century. State Historical Museum, Moscow, MS. D.129, fol. 67r. (Photo: Wikimedia Creative Commons)

. The Franks Casket, Anglo Saxon, eighth century. British Museum, London, BM 1867,0120.1. (Photo: Interfoto/Alamy)

. Codex Amiatinus, Anglo-Saxon, Jarrow (Northumbria), c. 690716 AD. Biblioteca Laurenziana, Florence, Codex Amiatino 1, cc. Vr, fol. 1006 v (detail). (Photo: akg-images)

. The Book of Durrow, Irish, c. 650700. Trinity College Library, Dublin, MS 57, fol.86r. (Photo: copyright The Board of Trinity College, Dublin/Bridgeman Images)

. Clonmacnoise monastery, County Offally, Ireland. (Photo: Zoonar GmBH/Alamy)

. Stained glass depicting a pilgrim leaving a votive offering, English, fourteenth century. Shrine of St William, York Minster, York. (Photo: copyright Revd Gordon Plumb)

. Ezrah miniature from the Codex Amiatinus, Wearmouth-Jarrow (Northumbria) c. 716. Florence, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, MS Amiatino 1, fol. v recto. (Photo: Bridgeman Images)

. Isidore of Seville and Braulio of Saragossa. Miniature from Isidori libri originum, Ottonian, tenth century. Stiftsbibliothek, Kloster Einsiedeln, Switzerland. (Photo: Wikimedia Creative Commons)

. St Peter bestowing the pallium on Pope Leo III and the imperial banner on Emperor Charlemagne. Nineteenth-century copy of a lost eighth-century mosaic in the Triclinium of Leo III, Lateran Basilica, Rome. (Photo: Granger/Bridgeman Images)

. St Wenceslas receiving the martyrs crown from Jesus, adored by Duchess Emma. Miniature from Gumpold of Mantua, Life of St Wenceslaus, Hildesheim, Germany, c. 10001005. Herzog August Bibliothek, Wlfenbttel, MS Guelf. 11,2 Augusteus 4, fol. 18v. (Photo: copyright HAB Wolfenbttel, CC BY-SA)

. Plan of St Gall, Reichanau/St Gall, ninth century. Stiftsbibliothek Sankt Gallen, Switzerland, Cod. Sang. 1092 r. (Photo: Wikimedia Creative Commons)

. Emperor Henri IV kneeling before Matilda of Tuscany at Canossa. Miniature in Donizone, Vitae Mathildis, thirteenth century. Biblioteca Governativa, Lucca, MS 2508, fol 28r. (Photo: Giancarlo Costa/Bridgeman Images)

. Cyril and Methodius, fresco at monastery of Markova Susica, Macedonia, fourteenth/sixteenth century. (Photo: NPL/DeA Picture Library/Bridgeman Images)

. Dictatus Papae from the original register of Pope Gregory VII for the year 1075. Vatican Apostolic Archives, Vatican City, Reg. Vat. 2, fol. 80v. (Photo: copyright 2022. Reproduced by permission of the Vatican Apostolic Archives, All Rights Reserved)

. Bishop Adhemar of le Puy in battle outside Antioch during the first crusade. Miniature from William of Tyre, Histoire dOutremer, French, thirteenth century. British Library, London, Yates Thompson 12 f.29. (Photo: copyright British Library Board. All Rights Reserved/Bridgeman Images)

. Statue of Bishop Albert, twentieth-century copy of a nineteenth-century original by Karl Bernewitz, cloister wall of Riga Cathedral, Latvia. (Photo: Artifex/Wikimedia Creative Commons)

. Miniature of the Pope enthroned, from Gratian, Decretum, with gloss. Spanish, fourteenth century. British Library, London, Add. 15274, fol. 3. (Photo: copyright British Library Board. All Rights Reserved/Bridgeman Images)

. Scenes of the Eucharist depicted on the hood of a cope. Tournai (S. Netherlands), 146378. Historical Museum, Bern, inv. 308A-B. (Photo: Picture Art Collection/Alamy)

. Miniature depicting the Seven Liberal Arts moving a chariot driven by Peter Lombard. Bodenseeraum (Lake Constance area), fifteenth century. Universittsbibliothek, Salzburg, M III 36, fol 243 r. (Photo: Wikimedia Creative Commons)

. A beguine, woodcut from Des dodes dantz (The Dance of Death), pub. Matthus Brandis, Lbeck, 1489. Stiftsbiblioteket, Linkping, Inkunabel 48, p. 27v. (Photo: Stiftsbiblioteket, Linkping)

. Innocent III approving the Franciscan Rule, from Taddeo Gaddi, Stories of St Francis of Assisi, fourteenth century. Galleria DellAccademia, Florence. (Photo: NPL/DeA Picture Library/G. Nimatallah/Bridgeman Images)

. Burning of Templars, miniature from the Chroniques de France ou de St Denis, French, fourteenth century. British Library, London, Royal 20 C. VII, f.44v. (Photo: copyright British Library Board. All Rights Reserved/Bridgeman Images)

. Montsgur castle, Arige, France. (