Karl Dieterich - Hellenism in Asia Minor

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HELLENISM
IN
ASIA MINOR

BY
DR. KARL DIETERICH

TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN
BY
CARROLL N. BROWN, Ph.D.
The College of the City of New York

With an introductory preface by Theodore P. Ion, D.C.L., and
a brief article on Hellenic Pontus by D. H. Oeconomides, Ph.D.

This publication is due to the generosity of
EURIPIDES KEHAYA of New York

PUBLISHED FOR THE
AMERICAN-HELLENIC SOCIETY
105 WEST 40th STREET, NEW YORK, N. Y.
BY
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS AMERICAN BRANCH
35 WEST 32nd STREET, NEW YORK
1918

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COPYRIGHT 1918
BY THE
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
American Branch

THE QUINN & BODEN CO. PRESS
RAHWAY, N. J.

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CONTENTS

PAGE
I	A Survey of Hellenism in Asia Minor
II	Hellenism in Asia Minor By Karl Dieterich, of the University of Leipzig, translated by Carroll N. Brown, Ph.D., of the College of the City of New York. With a preface by Theodore P. Ion, D.C.L.
III	Hellenic Pontus A Rsum of its History, by D. H. Oeconomides, Ph.D.
American-Hellenic News

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A SURVEY OF HELLENISM IN ASIA MINOR

Asia Minor is the country which, more than all others, recalls the highest development of Hellenic civilization. Its deeply indented coast formed a chaplet of Hellenic democracies which reached out into the interior and actually attacked the Persian civilization, upon which they imposed their own stamp. These democracies constituted the first rampart of the civilized world of that time, holding back Persian barbarism. Their history is one of continual struggle between these two civilizations, a struggle that was terminated at Salamis and at Plata, where the Persian ambitions were definitively buried and Greek civilization saved.

The wise men, the thinkers, the philosophers, that these democracies produced, were numerous, and the influence of their teachings was very great. These even today are radiant with a sublimity that has never been excelled.

It was in this Greek element and among the populations Hellenized by them that Christianity first germinated. It was the Greeks of Asia Minor who first offered their blood for the triumph of the new faith. The foremost Church Fathers, John Chrysostom, Saint Basil and very many others, were born there or taught there.

Throughout the Middle Ages the Byzantine-Greek civilization flourished in these lands. It formed the most powerful barrier against the wave of barbarism which threatened to inundate the civilized world. The desperate resistance offered by Hellenism permitted the West, by its contact with Byzantine Hellenism, to acquire those requisite elements which have formed the basis of Western civilization.

When the powerful tide of Turkish invasion, coming after so many other barbarian inroads, completely submerged Greek culture there, the Hellenic idea which this element represented was so strong that it survived everything. It was in vain that the fierce conquerors, as the tradition states, cut out the tongues of the inhabitants in order to cause this people to unlearn its language; it was in vain that they carried away their children to make of them fierce and cruel janissaries, who became exterminators of their own people. The Hellenic idea, the attachment to national traditions, was never submerged.

As soon as the fury of the conqueror was somewhat appeased, and at a time when that part of the Balkan Peninsula where Hellenism first arose and from which later it radiated over the then known world all the brilliance of its beauty was no longer showing any sign of life, the Greeks of Asia Minor founded the first Greek school of modern times, that of Cydonia (Avali). This school produced the first real ecclesiastics, the first genuinely educated men. Smyrna, called by the Turk himself the infidel city, because of its preponderant Greek element, followed her example. The graduates of these schools formed the nucleus from which the idea of the Greek renaissance sprang forth. From this source have come the men that have sacrificed their lives and their fortunes in order that Hellenic culture, which seemed forever to have disappeared, might again be revived.

It is this country of which we are going to study the ethnological composition.

Its boundaries are, on the north, the Black Sea; on the east, the Russian frontier traversing the snow-covered mountain range of the Taurus and Antitaurus and continuing to the Gulf of Alexandretta; on the south, west and northwest, the Mediterranean, the gean Sea and the Sea of Marmora.

Its area is 534,550 square kilometers; it is traversed by numerous watercourses and is one of the richest countries in the world. If well administered, it could support tens of millions of inhabitants.

It is divided for purposes of administration into eight provinces, Sebastia, Trebizond, Kastamuni, Konia, Angora, Adin, Broussa, Adana and four independent provinces, Chryssioupolis, Nicomedia, Balukiser, Vizi or Dardanelles.

To determine the importance of the Greek element in the population let us examine each archbishopric from the ecclesiastic as well as secular point of view.

The following table presents statistics as to the numbers of churches, priests, schools, etc., supported by the Greeks of Asia Minor:

Metropolis	Churches	Priests	Boys Schools	Teachers	Pupils	Girls Schools	Women Teachers	Pupils
1.	Smyrna	40	114	35	241	11,055	27	202	7,651
2.	Crine	46	75	34	65	3,965	14	32	2,055
3.	Heliopolis	53	77	41	100	4,360	19	49	2,120
4.	Pisidia	46	54	18	53	2,685	10	31	1,235
5.	Philadelphia	20	22	15	26	1,060	8	16	723
6.	{	Ephesus	}
Magnesia	126	177	100	286	15,940	65	150	10,150
7.	Cydonia
8.	Broussa	24	27	13	40	2,975	7	20	1,045
9.	Nica	29	41	23	63	3,155	8	25	1,210
10.	Chalcedon	43	100	28	99	6,970	25	70	4,230
11.	Nicomedia	76	75	77	83	3,479	6	20	1,120
12.	Cyzicus	81	128	72	195	8,115	25	67	2,630
13.	Proconnesos	26	33	13	48	2,280	8	19	790
14.	Amassia	330	441	286	586	17,000	69	87	3,910
15.	Ancyra	8	13	5	20	840	2	7	260
16.	Iconium	50	102	42	159

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