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Gregory V. Short - Titans of the Forests: The Economic Evolution of the Human Species and that of Our Cultures

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Instead of dwelling on the biological, physiological, or even the genetic aspects of our evolution, Titans of the Forests takes a completely different approach, which could be referred to as the unchartered and neglected field of macroevolution. Uniquely captivating, controversial, and very readable, it is the authors contention that we as a species were continuously forced to change our way of obtaining nourishment, or rather our various economies, in order to adapt to the ever-changing world. And as a result of this economic adaptation, our species would then and only then begin to slowly change into the modern humans of today.

For much too long, the worlds scientific community has directed the discussion of our incredible evolution. As a matter of fact, our species biological, physiological, psychological, and cultural evolution has been instigated, propelled, and shaped by our economic adaptation to a fluctuating environment. In a very real sense, the scientists are so far into the trees that they have actually ignored the forest. Consequently, we teach human evolution as a hodgepodge of different theories within the realm of microevolution, thus failing to understand or even to recognize the economic thread that binds them altogether.

By integrating the timeline of our prehistoric past with that of our earliest known economies (food gathering, scavenging, and nomadism), the author was able to synthesize a sequence of events that illustrates the economic basis of our remarkable ascension and the beginnings of our present day institutions. He not only reveals the genesis behind the cultural forces that exist within every human society, but for the first time, he has created a systematic and holistic approach in explaining the how and the why we have economically, physiologically, and then culturally evolved. For unlike the rest of the animal kingdom, we have possessed the extraordinary ability to change our economy, which has made us an extremely adaptable species.

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Titans of the Forests The Economic Evolution of the Human Species and that - photo 1
Titans
of the
Forests

The Economic Evolution
of the Human Species
and that of Our Cultures
Gregory V. Short
This book is dedicated to all of the men and women who will pause during their - photo 2
This book is dedicated to all of the men and women,
who will pause during their hectic day of survival
and look up into the clear blue sky
and wonder.

Copyright 2016 Vernon Press, an imprint of Vernon Art and Science Inc, on behalf of the author.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Vernon Art and Science Inc.
www.vernonpress.com
In the Americas:
Vernon Press
1000 N West Street,
Suite 1200, Wilmington,
Delaware 19801
United States
In the rest of the world
Vernon Press
C/Sancti Espiritu 17,
Malaga, 29006
Spain
Library of Congress Control Number: 2014942085
ISBN 978-1-62273-165-7
Product and company names mentioned in this work are the trademarks of their respective owners. While every care has been taken in preparing this work, neither the author nor Vernon Art and Science Inc. may be held responsible for any loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by the information contained in it.
Contents
Chapter One The Dawn
The Rise of Mammals
Chapter Two The Food Gatherers
Pre-australopithecines
Chapter Three The Scavengers
Australopithecines & Homo habilis
Chapter Four The Lower Paleolithic Nomads
Homo ergaster/erectus
Chapter Five The Lower Paleolithic Nomads
Homo heidelbergensis
Chapter Six The Middle Paleolithic Nomads
Homo sapiens
Chapter Seven The Upper Paleolithic Nomads
Homo sapiens sapiens
Prologue
Ever since I was a college student, I have always been fascinated with the many different theories that have attempted to explain our astonishing development as a species. Within the scientific community, the worlds biologists, anthropologists, archaeologists, geneticists, paleontologists, and zoologists have written enough material on the subject by to have filled a library. As a group, they have literally dragged us into the 21 th century when it comes to understanding the origin and the physical development of our species. And yet within each of these specialized fields of study, their research has encompassed only one of the many facets of the evolutionary process. As a matter of fact, the subject of our evolution has become so fragmented into the different overlapping fields of study that evolution itself has come to mean many different things to many different people. In a very real sense, the scientists are so far into the trees that they have actually ignored the forest. Consequently, we teach human evolution as a hodgepodge of different theories within the realm of microevolution, thus failing to understand or even to recognize the economic thread that binds them altogether.
Over the past century, our scientists and scholars have continuously disagreed over what particular characteristics or abilities have separated us as a species from the rest of the animal kingdom. And just when a scientist believes that he or she has found a significant difference between us, someone else discovers a species that also possesses the same ability. As the volume of research increases, it has become apparent that we have more in common with the other creatures around us than we would like to admit. As a matter of fact, our ability to communicate and organize ourselves, to learn and reason, to use tools , and to build structures is not unique. Even though we have developed these skills to a very high degree, many other species in the world have also exhibited these same abilities. However, there can be no denying the fact that there is a big difference.
Instead of dwelling on the biological , physiological, or even the genetic aspects of our evolution , I have taken a completely different approach which could be referred to as the unchartered and neglected field of macroevolution. It is my contention that we as a species were initially forced to change our way of obtaining nourishment, or rather our various economies , in order to adapt to the ever-changing world. And as a result of this economic adaptation , our species would then and only then begin to change into our present form . In other words, our species biological, physiological, psychological, and cultural evolution has been instigated, propelled, and shaped by our economic adaptation to a fluctuating environment . Of course, this is not a new concept by any means. In the past, a few scholars and scientists have written about it. But to my knowledge, it never has been fully explored as the central theme to our evolution.
It has been widely acknowledged by the scientific community that we evolved from a lower form of primate species, specifically a predecessor of the chimpanzee. And yet as we slowly evolved into our present physical form; our economies along with our societies have also evolved with us. Undoubtedly, these parallel developments werent by mere happenstance.
Throughout our incredible evolution , our earliest economies have not only instigated our physical development , but they have also helped form the institutional framework of our societies. While being more than just a mere system of production and consumption, a societys economy will shape our cultural values, traditions , behavioral patterns, and our social structure. Moreover, it will determine the formation of our institutions , the composition of our ruling bodies , the type of technologies we employ, the size and configuration of our families , the methods in which we fight our wars, and even the way we perceive and worship our deities . As a matter of fact, the type of economy we employ influences almost every aspect of our lives.
By reexamining our prehistoric past, I will be describing our species early economic evolution , along with the environmental forces that have helped shaped us . It is not my intention to form a judgment about the different scientific controversies surrounding our evolution , such as the Out of Africa versus the Multiregional theory or whether or not the Homo ergaster and the Homo erectus were really the same species. Even though these are very important issues, they are not at all relevant towards describing our economic evolution.
What we do know with a high degree of certainty is that our primate ancestors dwelled in the forests of eastern Africa approximately 5 million years ago as four-legged, tree-dwelling food gatherers . Then later as the earths climate began to cool in successive shifts and the dense forests became smaller, they were forced to move out into the surrounding savannas , where eventually they evolved into two-legged, ground-inhabiting scavengers . Over the next 3.3 million years, our species would progressively become nomadic hunters , farmers and herders, and then ultimately industrial, financial, bureaucratic, and technological workers. And within that same period, we would proceed through what is commonly known as the Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages, while eventually reaching the Nuclear Age.
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