Tim Niblock - State, Society and Economy in Saudi Arabia (RLE Saudi Arabia)

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ROUTLEDGE LIBRARY EDITIONS: SAUDI ARABIA

Volume 6

STATE, SOCIETY AND ECONOMY IN SAUDI ARABIA

State, Society and Economy in Saudi Arabia

Edited by
Tim Niblock

First published in 1982

This edition first published in 2015
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN

and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

1982 Tim Niblock

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice : Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-138-82515-4 (Set)
elSBN: 978-1-315-72720-2 (Set)
ISBN: 978-1-138-84637-1 (Volume 6)
elSBN: 978-1-315-72745-5 (Volume 6)

Publisher's Note
The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent.

Disclaimer
The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and would welcome correspondence from those they have been unable to trace.

State, Society and Economy in Saudi Arabia

Edited by Tim Niblock

1982 Tim Niblock

Croom Helm Ltd, 2-10 St John's Road, London SW11

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

State, society and economy in Saudi Arabia.

1. Saudi Arabia - Economic conditions - Congresses
2. Saudi Arabia - Politics and government Congresses
I. Niblock, Tim
320.953'8 DS244

ISBN 0-7099-1806-2

Typeset by Pat and Ann Murphy
296B Lymington Road, Highcliffe, Christchurch, Dorset

Printed and bound in Great Britain

Contents

Tim Niblock

Derek Hopwood

Peter Sluglett and Marion Farouk-Sluglett

Rosemarie Said Zahlan

Tim Niblock

James Buchan

Fred Halliday

John Duke Anthony

Shirley Kay

Ugo Fabietti

J. S. Birks and C. A. Sinclair

Paul Stevens

H. G. Hambleton

Rodney Wilson

Tables

Figures

This book emerged out of a symposium which was held at the Centre for Arab Gulf Studies, University of Exeter, in July 1980. The symposium, entitled 'State, Economy and Power in Saudi Arabia', brought together those working on or interested in Saudi Arabia, whether from a historical, political, social or economic perspective. The selection of articles published here also represents a variety of subject interests and a variety of approaches. The object has not been to provide a comprehensive account of Saudi Arabian politics, society and economics, but rather to make available different insights into particular aspects of these fields. It is hoped that in this way some light can be shed upon the political processes and socio-economic structure of this complex country.

No attempt has been made to render the different contributions mutually consistent; where such contributions lead to incompatible conclusions it has been deemed valuable to retain them - perhaps as an indication of the differing perspectives from which developments within Saudi Arabia can be viewed.

The editor wishes to thank all those who helped to organise the symposium from which this collection of articles sprang, together with the symposium participants whose comments have helped to refine the arguments presented in the articles. Particular thanks should go to the symposium chairman and Director of the Centre for Arab Gulf Studies, Professor M. A. Shaban. Mrs Sheila Westcott typed the manuscript with her customary display of good humour in adversity.

Acknowledgement is due to Croom Helm for permission to reprint the map found on p. 188, and to the American University, Washington, for permission to reprint the maps found on p. 13, p. 14 and p. 216, and the table on pp. 1617.

Tim Niblock

Tim Niblock

Despite widespread recognition of the crucial importance of Saudi Arabia in the world today, comparatively little social scientific research has been conducted on the country. A number of factors account for this neglect: statistical data (outside the purely economic) have often proved difficult if not impossible to obtain, official sensitivity to many of the issues which researchers would care to examine has inhibited research activities, and researchers have encountered little success in penetrating the decision-making apparatus. Research on the political system is inevitably difficult where, as the Area Handbook for Saudi Arabia comments, 'little is publicly known about decision-making within the House of Saud', despite this being 'the object of much scrutiny and informed conjecture'. The problems of conducting research on a country which holds so few parallels with other countries (outside the Arab Gulf area) may also have discouraged potential researchers.

Given the state of social scientific research on Saudi Arabia, this book could not and does not attempt a comprehensive or exhaustive study of the politics, society and economy of Saudi Arabia. The object, rather, is to provide some insight into these complex fields by means of presenting a selection of articles covering specific (necessarily limited) aspects. The restricted range of aspects covered makes it difficult to draw firm conclusions as to where current developments are leading Saudi Arabia. It remains possible, nevertheless, to delineate some of the critical issues which will determine the country's future prospects.

The origins of the contemporary Saudi state lie in the early eighteenth century. In 1744 a relationship was forged which remains crucial to the nature of the Saudi state. Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, a religious scholar and preacher calling for a return to the orthodox practices of early Islam, sought and received refuge from the ruler of the tiny Najdi state of Dar'iya, Muhammad ibn Saud. Together they determined to embark on a campaign to spread Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab's message of tawhid. The campaign involved an intertwining of the religious with the temporal: the identification of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab with Muhammad ibn Saud ensured that the latter's : The Ideological Basis: Ibn Abd al-Wahhab's Muslim Revivalism).

Over the second half of the eighteenth century and during the nineteenth century the territorial extent of the Al Saud's authority depended on the strength of Saudi political leadership, the strength of rival leaderships on the peninsula, and the presence or absence of an externally-backed military force in Arabia. By the time of Muhammad ibn Saud's death in 1765 most of the Najd was under Saudi control, and when Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab died in 1792 that control had been extended south to the Rub al-Khali (Empty Quarter). Al-Hasa was captured in the closing years of the eighteenth century, and shortly thereafter Saudi forces gained their richest prize control of the holy cities of Mecca (1801) and Medina (1805) and of the greater part of the Hijaz.

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